Abstract：
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key regulators of immune responses, including alloimmune responses. In this chapter, we present protocols to study whether and/or how TLRs can contribute to solid-organ transplant rejection. We describe methods to reduce heterogeneity in microbiome variations between animals before beginning experiments to limit confounding factors, protocols using TLR agonists to prevent anti-CD154/donor splenocyte transfer-mediated tolerance, and recipes to heat-kill microbes or use hosts genetically deficient in TLR-dependent pathways to distinguish between TLR-dependent and live bacteria-dependent effects.
摘要：
Toll样受体(TLRs)是免疫反应的关键调节因子,包括同种免疫反应。在这一章中,我们提出了研究TLRs是否和/或如何促进实体器官移植排斥反应的方案.在开始限制混杂因素的实验之前，我们描述了减少动物之间微生物组差异异质性的方法，使用TLR激动剂预防抗CD154/供体脾细胞转移介导的耐受性的方案，和热量杀死微生物的食谱，或使用TLR依赖性途径遗传缺陷的宿主来区分TLR依赖性和活细菌依赖性效应。
