Abstract：
Exposure to acute and chronic stress has significant effects on the basic mechanisms of associative learning and memory. Stress can both impair and enhance associative learning depending on type, intensity, and persistence of the stressor, the subject\'s sex, the context that the stress and behavior is experienced in, and the type of associative learning taking place. In some cases, stress can cause or exacerbate the maladaptive behavior that underlies numerous psychiatric conditions including anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance use disorder, and others. Therefore, it is critical to understand how the varied effects of stress, which may normally facilitate adaptive behavior, can also become maladaptive and even harmful. In this review, we highlight several findings of associative learning and decision-making processes that are affected by stress in both human and non-human subjects and how they are related to one another. An emerging theme from this work is that stress biases behavior towards less flexible strategies that may reflect a cautious insensitivity to changing contingencies. We consider how this inflexibility has been observed in different associative learning procedures and suggest that a goal for the field should be to clarify how factors such as sex and previous experience influence this inflexibility.
摘要：
急性和慢性应激对联想学习和记忆的基本机制有显著影响。根据类型的不同，压力可以削弱和增强联想学习，强度,和压力源的持久性，受试者的性别，压力和行为所经历的环境，以及发生的联想学习的类型。在某些情况下,压力可以导致或加剧适应不良的行为，这些行为是许多精神疾病的基础，包括焦虑症，强迫症,创伤后应激障碍,物质使用障碍,和其他人。因此,了解压力的各种影响是至关重要的，这通常可以促进适应性行为，也可能变得适应不良，甚至有害。在这次审查中,我们强调了联想学习和决策过程的一些发现，这些发现在人类和非人类受试者中都受到压力的影响，以及它们之间的关系。这项工作的一个新兴主题是，压力会使行为偏向不太灵活的策略，这可能反映出对不断变化的突发事件的谨慎不敏感。我们考虑了在不同的联想学习程序中如何观察到这种僵化，并建议该领域的目标应该是阐明性别和以前的经验等因素如何影响这种僵化。
