Abstract：
Sperm and oocytes are building blocks in assisted reproduction. Sperm and ovum donation permit separation of the biological act of producing a child from the psychological process of nurturing and raising the child. However, the art of obtaining and use of these gametes are fraught with ethical and legal challenges. Relevant aspects concerning anonymity, genetic screening, consanguinity, informed consent and risk disclosure, compensation for donors, and child welfare are discussed. Though the issue of anonymity remains controversial, the importance of the welfare of the offspring has come to the fore as a result of the debate. Calls for more rigorous genetic testing for donated gametes to avoid genetic disease transmission, though supported by the principle of beneficence, has to be balanced by its possible deleterious effects on the donors and their relatives especially if findings reveal a serious genetic risk that has no medical treatment as yet. Reimbursement for direct and indirect costs, as well as fair compensation for time lost, inconveniences and risks suffered during treatment is recommended for oocyte donors. The risk of consanguinity remains a problem across the world even though the different guidelines limiting the number of pregnancies by a single gamete may be helpful, if enforceable. It is important that egg donors be clearly made to understand in simple language during the informed consent process of the yet unknown health risks involved so that the consent can be truly voluntary. This will protect donors from the backlash of the doctrine of \"Volenti Non Fit Injuria\". It is also suggested that specific legislation with regards to gamete donation, parenthood, and ART should be passed in countries where these are absent, to avoid controversies that may arise due to current gaps in the law.
摘要：
精子和卵母细胞是辅助生殖的组成部分。精子和卵子捐赠允许将生产孩子的生物学行为与养育和抚养孩子的心理过程分开。然而,获得和使用这些配子的艺术充满了道德和法律挑战。有关匿名的相关方面，遗传筛选,血缘,知情同意和风险披露，对捐助者的补偿，和儿童福利的讨论。尽管匿名问题仍然存在争议，由于这场辩论，后代福利的重要性已经凸显出来。呼吁对捐赠的配子进行更严格的基因检测，以避免遗传性疾病的传播，虽然有慈善原则的支持，hastobebalancedbyitspossibledesteriouseffectsonthedonersandtheirrelativesespeciallyiffindingsrevealaseriousgeneticriskthathasnomedicaltreatmentasyet.直接和间接成本的报销，以及对时间损失的公平补偿，建议卵母细胞供体在治疗期间遭受的不便和风险。尽管限制单个配子怀孕次数的不同指南可能会有所帮助，但血缘关系的风险仍然是世界上的一个问题。如果可执行。重要的是，卵子捐赠者在知情同意过程中以简单的语言清楚地理解所涉及的未知健康风险，以便同意可以是真正自愿的。这将保护捐助者免受“VolentiNonFitInjuria”学说的强烈反对。还建议有关配子捐赠的具体立法，为人父母,ART应该在没有这些的国家通过，以避免由于目前的法律空白而可能引发的争议。
