Abstract：
Artificial insemination (AI) and in vivo embryo production (or multiple ovulation and embryo transfer, MOET) programs are both instrumental in accelerating the propagation of genetically and economically superior goats and sheep. The aim of this review was to present the current gestalt of non-surgical AI and embryo recovery (NSER) procedures in small ruminants. Small body size, precluding rectal palpation, and highly limited penetrability of the uterine cervix in ewes are the major reasons for the scarce use of non-surgical assisted reproduction techniques in this species. As a result, AI and embryo recovery techniques in sheep mainly involve laparoscopy or laparotomy (LAP). In does, however, the Embrapa method of AI allows for successful intrauterine deposition of semen, resulting in pregnancy rates from 50 to 80% under field conditions (>3 000 goats inseminated) when frozen-thawed semen is used. After the administration of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), non-surgical (transcervical) embryo recovery is also feasible in goats, with the cervical penetration rate approaching 100%. There is a paucity of information on the efficacy of non-surgical AI using frozen semen in sheep, but the results are satisfactory with fresh, cooled, or chilled ram semen. An application of the NSER technique in ewes has greatly improved over the last decade, and cervical penetration rates of ∼90% can be achieved when a hormonal cervical dilation protocol using PGF2α, oxytocin, and/or estradiol ester (e.g., estradiol benzoate) is applied. In some genotypes of sheep, sufficient cervical dilation can be induced without estradiol ester included in the protocol. Several studies indicated that recovery of transferable quality ovine embryos using NSER is comparable to that employing a ventral midline laparotomy, and NSER is evidently a method of choice when animal welfare is concerned. Considering both the number of retrievable embryos and animal well-being, the NSER is a viable alternative for surgical procedures. With further developments, it has the makings of a primary, if not exclusive, embryo recovery technique in small ruminants worldwide.
摘要：
人工授精（AI）和体内胚胎生产（或多次排卵和胚胎移植，MOET）计划都有助于加速遗传和经济上优越的山羊和绵羊的繁殖。这篇综述的目的是介绍当前小反刍动物非手术AI和胚胎恢复（NSER）程序的格式塔。小身体尺寸，排除直肠触诊,母羊子宫颈的穿透性非常有限，这是该物种很少使用非手术辅助生殖技术的主要原因。因此,绵羊的AI和胚胎恢复技术主要涉及腹腔镜或剖腹手术（LAP）。在做中，然而,AI的Embrapa方法可以成功地在子宫内沉积精液，当使用冻融精液时，在田间条件下（>3.000只山羊授精）的妊娠率从50％到80％。服用前列腺素F2α（PGF2α）后，非手术（经子宫颈）胚胎恢复在山羊中也是可行的，宫颈穿透率接近100%。关于绵羊使用冷冻精液进行非手术AI的功效的信息很少，但是新鲜的结果令人满意，冷却,或冷冻的RAM精液。在过去的十年中，NSER技术在母羊中的应用有了很大的改善，当使用PGF2α的激素宫颈扩张方案时，宫颈穿透率可达90%，催产素,和/或雌二醇酯(例如，应用苯甲酸雌二醇)。在一些基因型的绵羊中，在方案中不包括雌二醇酯的情况下，可以诱导足够的宫颈扩张。几项研究表明，使用NSER恢复可转移的优质绵羊胚胎与使用腹侧中线剖腹手术相当，当涉及动物福利时，NSER显然是一种选择方法。考虑到可回收胚胎的数量和动物的健康状况，NSER是外科手术的可行替代方案。随着进一步的发展,它有初选的条件，如果不是排他性的，全世界小反刍动物的胚胎恢复技术。
