Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Obstructive azoospermia represents a treatable form of male factor infertility. With greater demand for assisted reproductive technologies the general urologist may be tasked with initiating the infertility evaluation and providing counsel for treatment options. In this review we discuss appropriate laboratory, radiographic and genetic testing for the patient with obstructive azoospermia. We also outline surgical treatment options.
METHODS: The Medline® database was searched for relevant studies of the evaluation and treatment of men with obstructive azoospermia. Key words included obstructive azoospermia, vasovasostomy, vasoepididymostomy, testicular sperm extraction, sperm aspiration and sperm retrieval.
RESULTS: Most published reports were based on small cohorts followed at single institutions. There were sufficient data to characterize the current state of the art and review the standard of practice.
CONCLUSIONS: The initial evaluation of azoospermia is primarily based on differentiating obstructive from nonobstructive etiologies with a substantial reliance on history, physical examination and screening laboratory studies. Various treatment options exist for obstructive azoospermia, including reproductive tract reconstruction (vasovasostomy or vasoepididymostomy) or numerous surgical sperm extraction approaches.
METHODS: The Medline® database was searched for relevant studies of the evaluation and treatment of men with obstructive azoospermia. Key words included obstructive azoospermia, vasovasostomy, vasoepididymostomy, testicular sperm extraction, sperm aspiration and sperm retrieval.
RESULTS: Most published reports were based on small cohorts followed at single institutions. There were sufficient data to characterize the current state of the art and review the standard of practice.
CONCLUSIONS: The initial evaluation of azoospermia is primarily based on differentiating obstructive from nonobstructive etiologies with a substantial reliance on history, physical examination and screening laboratory studies. Various treatment options exist for obstructive azoospermia, including reproductive tract reconstruction (vasovasostomy or vasoepididymostomy) or numerous surgical sperm extraction approaches.
摘要：
背景：梗阻性无精子症是男性因素不育症的一种可治疗形式。随着对辅助生殖技术的需求增加，普通泌尿科医生可能会负责启动不孕症评估并为治疗方案提供咨询。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了适当的实验室，梗阻性无精子症患者的影像学和遗传学检测。我们还概述了手术治疗方案。
方法：在Medline®数据库中搜索有关男性梗阻性无精子症评估和治疗的相关研究。关键词包括梗阻性无精子症,血管血管造口术,血管附睾造口术,睾丸精子提取，精子抽吸和精子提取。
结果：大多数已发表的报告都是基于单一机构的小型队列。有足够的数据来表征当前的技术水平并审查实践标准。
结论：无精子症的初步评估主要基于区分梗阻性和非梗阻性病因，主要依赖于病史。体格检查和筛查实验室研究。梗阻性无精子症存在各种治疗选择，包括生殖道重建（血管血管造口术或血管附睾造口术）或许多手术精子提取方法。
方法：在Medline®数据库中搜索有关男性梗阻性无精子症评估和治疗的相关研究。关键词包括梗阻性无精子症,血管血管造口术,血管附睾造口术,睾丸精子提取，精子抽吸和精子提取。
结果：大多数已发表的报告都是基于单一机构的小型队列。有足够的数据来表征当前的技术水平并审查实践标准。
结论：无精子症的初步评估主要基于区分梗阻性和非梗阻性病因，主要依赖于病史。体格检查和筛查实验室研究。梗阻性无精子症存在各种治疗选择，包括生殖道重建（血管血管造口术或血管附睾造口术）或许多手术精子提取方法。
