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Abstract：
This study theoretically proved that although reciprocal optical devices can show asymmetric transmittivity (AT) under controlled incident modes (i.e., conditional AT), they cannot guarantee AT with arbitrary incident light modes, whereas only nonreciprocal optical devices can possibly guarantee AT. Besides, the thermodynamics of both reciprocal and nonreciprocal optical devices were discussed to show that the second law of thermodynamics is valid anyway. Furthermore, the diode-like behaviors of optical and electronic devices were compared. Electrons are identical to electronic devices, so electronic devices could have asymmetric conductance regardless of electrons. In contrast, electromagnetic waves are different from optical devices as transmittivity of different modes can be different, so reciprocal optical devices showing conditional AT cannot guarantee AT when incident modes are arbitrary. The mathematical proof and characteristic comparisons between electronic and optical diodes, which are firstly presented here, should help clarifying the necessary nonreciprocity required for being optical diodes.
摘要：
这项研究从理论上证明，尽管互易光学器件可以在受控入射模式下显示出非对称透射率（AT）（即，条件AT),他们不能保证AT具有任意的入射光模式，而只有不可逆的光学设备才能保证AT。此外,讨论了互易和非互易光学器件的热力学，以表明热力学第二定律无论如何都是有效的。此外，比较了光学和电子器件的类二极管行为。电子与电子设备相同，因此，无论电子如何，电子设备都可以具有不对称的电导。相比之下,电磁波与光学设备不同，因为不同模式的透射率可能不同，因此，当入射模式是任意的时，显示有条件AT的互惠光学设备不能保证AT。电子和光学二极管之间的数学证明和特性比较，首先在这里介绍，应该有助于澄清作为光学二极管所需的必要的非互惠性。
