Abstract：
Amphibians are very sensitive to many environmental changes, so these animals are considered good bioindicator models for ecotoxicology. Given the importance of the amphibian spleen for hematopoietic and immune responses, this can be a key organ for the evaluation of biomarkers to monitor the health of individuals in nature or in captivity. In this systematic review, we searched databases and summarized the main findings concerning the amphibian spleen as a source of possible biomarkers applied in different scientific fields. The searches resulted in 83 articles published from 1923 to 2022, which applied the use of splenic samples to evaluate the effects of distinct stressors on amphibians. Articles were distributed in more than twenty countries, with USA, Europe, and Brazil, standing out among them. Publications focused mainly on anatomical and histomorphological characterization of the spleen, its physiology, and development. Recently, the use of splenic biomarkers in pathology and ecotoxicology began to grow but many gaps still need to be addressed in herpetological research. About 85 % of the splenic biomarkers showed responses to various stressors, which indicates that the spleen can provide numerous biomarkers to be used in many study fields. The limited amount of information on morphological description and splenic anatomy in amphibians may be a contributing factor to the underestimated use of splenic biomarkers in herpetological research around the world. We hope that this unprecedented review can instigate researchers to refine herpetological experimentation, using the spleen as a versatile and alternative source for biomarkers in ecotoxicology.
摘要：
两栖动物对许多环境变化非常敏感，所以这些动物被认为是生态毒理学的良好生物指示模型。鉴于两栖动物脾脏对造血和免疫反应的重要性，这可能是评估生物标志物以监测自然界或圈养个体健康的关键器官.在这次系统审查中，我们检索了数据库,总结了有关两栖动物脾脏作为不同科学领域可能的生物标志物来源的主要发现.搜索产生了从1923年到2022年发表的83篇文章，这些文章使用脾样本来评估不同压力对两栖动物的影响。文章在二十多个国家分发，与美国,欧洲,巴西,站在他们中间。出版物主要集中在脾脏的解剖和组织形态学特征上，它的生理学，和发展。最近,脾脏生物标志物在病理学和生态毒理学中的应用开始增长,但在爬行动物学研究中仍有许多空白需要解决.大约85%的脾生物标志物显示对各种应激源的反应，这表明脾脏可以提供许多生物标志物用于许多研究领域。两栖动物的形态学描述和脾解剖信息有限，这可能是导致脾生物标志物在世界各地的爬虫学研究中被低估的一个因素。我们希望这项史无前例的审查能够促使研究人员完善爬行动物实验，使用脾脏作为生态毒理学生物标志物的通用和替代来源。
