Abstract：
Bees are the most significant pollinators of flowering plants. This partnership began ca. 120 million years ago, but the uncertainty of how and when bees spread across the planet has greatly obscured investigations of this key mutualism. We present a novel analysis of bee biogeography using extensive new genomic and fossil data to demonstrate that bees originated in Western Gondwana (Africa and South America). Bees likely originated in the Early Cretaceous, shortly before the breakup of Western Gondwana, and the early evolution of any major bee lineage is associated with either the South American or African land masses. Subsequently, bees colonized northern continents via a complex history of vicariance and dispersal. The notable early absences from large landmasses, particularly in Australia and India, have important implications for understanding the assembly of local floras and diverse modes of pollination. How bees spread around the world from their hypothesized Southern Hemisphere origin parallels the histories of numerous flowering plant clades, providing an essential step to studying the evolution of angiosperm pollination syndromes in space and time.
摘要：
蜜蜂是开花植物中最重要的传粉者。这种伙伴关系开始了CA。1.2亿年前，但是蜜蜂如何以及何时在地球上传播的不确定性极大地掩盖了对这种关键互惠主义的研究。我们使用广泛的新基因组和化石数据对蜜蜂生物地理学进行了新的分析，以证明蜜蜂起源于冈瓦纳西部（非洲和南美）。蜜蜂可能起源于白垩纪早期，在西部冈瓦纳解体前不久,任何主要蜜蜂谱系的早期进化都与南美或非洲土地有关。随后，蜜蜂通过复杂的替代和散布历史在北部大陆定居。大陆地上明显的早期缺席，尤其是在澳大利亚和印度，对于理解当地植物区系的组装和多种授粉方式具有重要意义。蜜蜂如何从假设的南半球起源传播到世界各地，与许多开花植物进化枝的历史相似，为研究被子植物授粉综合征在空间和时间上的演变提供了必要的步骤。
