PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Nanoparticles are being used in novel applications of the thermoplastics industry, including automotive parts, the sports industry and leisure and consumer goods, which can be produced nowadays through additive manufacturing. However, there is limited information on the health and safety aspects during the production of these new materials, mainly from recycled sources. This study covers the exposure assessment to nano- and micro-size particles emitted from the nanocomposites during the production of filaments for 3D printing through a compounding and extrusion pilot line using recycled (post-industrial) thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and recycled polyamide 12 (PA12), which have been also upcycled through reinforcement with iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs), introducing matrix healing properties triggered by induction heating. The assessment protocol included near- and far-field measurements, considering the extruder as the primary emission source, and portable measuring devices for evaluating particulate emissions reaching the inhalable zone of the lab workers. A Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) study for the extrusion process line was defined along with a Failure Tree Analysis (FTA) process in which the process deviations, their sources and the relations between them were documented. FTA allowed the identification of events that should take place in parallel (simultaneously) or in series for the failure modes to take place and the respective corrective actions to be proposed (additional to the existing control measures).
摘要：
纳米颗粒被用于热塑性塑料行业的新应用，包括汽车零件，体育产业和休闲消费品，现在可以通过增材制造来生产。然而,在这些新材料的生产过程中，关于健康和安全方面的信息有限，主要来自回收来源。这项研究涵盖了通过使用再生（工业后）热塑性聚氨酯（TPU）和再生聚酰胺12（PA12）的混合和挤出试验线生产用于3D打印的长丝的过程中对纳米复合材料发出的纳米和微米级颗粒的暴露评估。它们也通过用氧化铁纳米颗粒（Fe3O4NPs）增强进行了循环，引入由感应加热触发的基质愈合特性。评估协议包括近场和远场测量，考虑到挤出机作为主要排放源，和便携式测量装置，用于评估到达实验室工作人员可吸入区域的颗粒物排放。定义了挤出生产线的故障模式和影响分析（FMEA）研究以及故障树分析（FTA）过程，他们的来源和他们之间的关系被记录在案。FTA允许识别应并行（同时）或串行发生的事件，以发生故障模式，并提出相应的纠正措施（除现有控制措施外）。
