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Abstract：
BACKGROUND: The USA has failed to codify the protection of children from gun violence (GV) as a human right. This study employs a youth participatory action research methodology, within the framework of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), to investigate the relationships between GV exposure, self-identified gender and perceptions of children\'s rights and safety.
METHODS: An anonymous survey based on UNICEF USA\'s Child Friendly Cities Initiative interactive survey tool targeting adolescents was modified by East Harlem, New York high school student co-researchers in collaboration with near-peer graduate students. The 61-question survey was administered at an East Harlem high school. Analysis consisted of univariate, bivariate and logistic regression using SPSS®.
RESULTS: A total of 153 students completed the survey: 48.4% self-identified as male and 45.8% as female. Thirty-five percent reported witnessing GV. Most (79.1%) were aware of child rights regardless of gender or GV exposure but there were differences in perceptions of safety. Fifteen percent of females reported never feeling safe at school compared to 3% of males (p = 0.01). Females were 2.2 times as likely as males to report transportation waiting areas as never safe (p = 0.008). Almost a third of females reported never feeling safe from sexual harassment in public, compared to 10% of males (p = 0.004). In multivariable logistic regression adjusted for gender, race/ethnicity and grade level, students who witnessed GV were 4.6 times more likely to report never feeling safe from violence (95% CI 1.7-12.4). Thirty percent of students who witnessed GV reported not attending school because of safety concerns. Students who witnessed GV had 2.2 times the odds of carrying a weapon to school (95% CI 1.1-4.5). These patterns continued for other perceptions of safety.
CONCLUSIONS: The students in this study affirmed their rights to participate and express their views on matters that may affect them, as articulated in the UNCRC. The study revealed differences in perceptions of safety by self-identified gender and identified gun violence as a major contributor of youth\'s perception of lack of safety. The study evinces the efficacy of employing YPAR methodology to identify and answer youth concerns of community safety and prioritize honoring child rights.
METHODS: An anonymous survey based on UNICEF USA\'s Child Friendly Cities Initiative interactive survey tool targeting adolescents was modified by East Harlem, New York high school student co-researchers in collaboration with near-peer graduate students. The 61-question survey was administered at an East Harlem high school. Analysis consisted of univariate, bivariate and logistic regression using SPSS®.
RESULTS: A total of 153 students completed the survey: 48.4% self-identified as male and 45.8% as female. Thirty-five percent reported witnessing GV. Most (79.1%) were aware of child rights regardless of gender or GV exposure but there were differences in perceptions of safety. Fifteen percent of females reported never feeling safe at school compared to 3% of males (p = 0.01). Females were 2.2 times as likely as males to report transportation waiting areas as never safe (p = 0.008). Almost a third of females reported never feeling safe from sexual harassment in public, compared to 10% of males (p = 0.004). In multivariable logistic regression adjusted for gender, race/ethnicity and grade level, students who witnessed GV were 4.6 times more likely to report never feeling safe from violence (95% CI 1.7-12.4). Thirty percent of students who witnessed GV reported not attending school because of safety concerns. Students who witnessed GV had 2.2 times the odds of carrying a weapon to school (95% CI 1.1-4.5). These patterns continued for other perceptions of safety.
CONCLUSIONS: The students in this study affirmed their rights to participate and express their views on matters that may affect them, as articulated in the UNCRC. The study revealed differences in perceptions of safety by self-identified gender and identified gun violence as a major contributor of youth\'s perception of lack of safety. The study evinces the efficacy of employing YPAR methodology to identify and answer youth concerns of community safety and prioritize honoring child rights.
摘要：
背景：美国未能将保护儿童免受枪支暴力（GV）作为一项人权。本研究采用青年参与行动研究方法，在《联合国儿童权利公约》（UNCRC）的框架内，为了研究GV暴露之间的关系，自我认同的性别和对儿童权利和安全的看法。
方法：东哈林区修改了一项基于联合国儿童基金会美国儿童友好城市倡议互动调查工具的匿名调查，纽约高中学生共同研究人员与接近同龄人的研究生合作。这项61个问题的调查是在东哈莱姆高中进行的。分析由单变量组成，使用SPSS®进行双变量和逻辑回归。
结果：共有153名学生完成了调查：48.4%的学生自我认定为男性，45.8%的学生自我认定为女性。35％的人报告目睹了GV。大多数人（79.1％）知道儿童权利，无论性别或GV暴露，但对安全的看法存在差异。15％的女性报告说在学校从未感到安全，而男性为3％（p=0.01）。女性报告运输等候区从不安全的可能性是男性的2.2倍（p=0.008）。几乎三分之一的女性报告说，他们从未在公共场合对性骚扰感到安全，与男性的10％相比（p=0.004）。在调整性别的多变量逻辑回归中，种族/民族和年级，目击GV的学生报告从未对暴力感到安全的可能性高4.6倍(95%CI1.7-12.4).目睹GV的学生中有30％报告出于安全考虑而没有上学。目睹GV的学生携带武器上学的几率是其2.2倍（95％CI1.1-4.5）。这些模式继续为其他的安全观念。
结论：本研究的学生肯定了他们参与的权利，并就可能影响他们的问题发表意见，正如《联合国儿童权利公约》所阐述的那样。该研究揭示了通过自我识别的性别对安全的看法的差异，并确定枪支暴力是青年缺乏安全感的主要原因。该研究证明了采用YPAR方法来识别和回答青年对社区安全的关注并优先考虑尊重儿童权利的有效性。
方法：东哈林区修改了一项基于联合国儿童基金会美国儿童友好城市倡议互动调查工具的匿名调查，纽约高中学生共同研究人员与接近同龄人的研究生合作。这项61个问题的调查是在东哈莱姆高中进行的。分析由单变量组成，使用SPSS®进行双变量和逻辑回归。
结果：共有153名学生完成了调查：48.4%的学生自我认定为男性，45.8%的学生自我认定为女性。35％的人报告目睹了GV。大多数人（79.1％）知道儿童权利，无论性别或GV暴露，但对安全的看法存在差异。15％的女性报告说在学校从未感到安全，而男性为3％（p=0.01）。女性报告运输等候区从不安全的可能性是男性的2.2倍（p=0.008）。几乎三分之一的女性报告说，他们从未在公共场合对性骚扰感到安全，与男性的10％相比（p=0.004）。在调整性别的多变量逻辑回归中，种族/民族和年级，目击GV的学生报告从未对暴力感到安全的可能性高4.6倍(95%CI1.7-12.4).目睹GV的学生中有30％报告出于安全考虑而没有上学。目睹GV的学生携带武器上学的几率是其2.2倍（95％CI1.1-4.5）。这些模式继续为其他的安全观念。
结论：本研究的学生肯定了他们参与的权利，并就可能影响他们的问题发表意见，正如《联合国儿童权利公约》所阐述的那样。该研究揭示了通过自我识别的性别对安全的看法的差异，并确定枪支暴力是青年缺乏安全感的主要原因。该研究证明了采用YPAR方法来识别和回答青年对社区安全的关注并优先考虑尊重儿童权利的有效性。
