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Abstract：
With the aim of disclosing the antecedents and dynamics of food loss generation in the upstream stages of the fruit and vegetable sector, this paper presents the results of a series of semi-structured interviews with 10 Producers\' Organisations (POs) in Germany and Italy. The content of the interviews is analysed by applying a qualitative content analysis approach, thus disclosing the most relevant issues affecting food loss generation at the interface between POs and buyers (industry and retailers). Several similarities emerge as we compare the answers provided by Italian and German POs, especially concerning the role of retailers\' cosmetic specification on products in the generation of losses. Instead, the structure of contracts regulating commercial transactions between POs, industry, and retailers show noticeable differences, apparently resulting in a greater capacity to plan the demand of products from the beginning of the season in the Italian context. Despite these differences, this study confirms the key role of POs in increasing farmers\' bargaining power against the buyers, both in Germany and Italy. Further research is needed to compare circumstances in other European countries and to analyse why the similarities and differences identified occur.
摘要：
为了披露水果和蔬菜行业上游阶段粮食损失产生的前因和动态，本文介绍了对德国和意大利的10个生产者组织(PO)进行的一系列半结构化访谈的结果。采用定性的内容分析方法对访谈内容进行分析,因此，在PO和购买者（行业和零售商）之间的界面上披露影响食品损失产生的最相关问题。当我们比较意大利和德国PO提供的答案时，会出现一些相似之处，特别是关于零售商化妆品规格在产品损失产生中的作用。相反，规范PO之间商业交易的合同结构，工业,零售商表现出明显的差异，显然，在意大利范围内，从本赛季开始就有更大的能力来计划产品的需求。尽管存在这些差异,这项研究证实了POs在增加农民对买家的议价能力方面的关键作用，在德国和意大利。需要进一步的研究来比较其他欧洲国家的情况，并分析为什么会出现异同。
