PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
European forests are threatened by increasing numbers of invasive pests and pathogens. Over the past century, Lecanosticta acicola, a foliar pathogen predominantly of Pinus spp., has expanded its range globally, and is increasing in impact. Lecanosticta acicola causes brown spot needle blight, resulting in premature defoliation, reduced growth, and mortality in some hosts. Originating from southern regions of North American, it devastated forests in the USA\'s southern states in the early twentieth century, and in 1942 was discovered in Spain. Derived from Euphresco project \'Brownspotrisk,\' this study aimed to establish the current distribution of Lecanosticta species, and assess the risks of L. acicola to European forests. Pathogen reports from the literature, and new/ unpublished survey data were combined into an open-access geo-database (http://www.portalofforestpathology.com), and used to visualise the pathogen\'s range, infer its climatic tolerance, and update its host range. Lecanosticta species have now been recorded in 44 countries, mostly in the northern hemisphere. The type species, L. acicola, has increased its range in recent years, and is present in 24 out of the 26 European countries where data were available. Other species of Lecanosticta are largely restricted to Mexico and Central America, and recently Colombia. The geo-database records demonstrate that L. acicola tolerates a wide range of climates across the northern hemisphere, and indicate its potential to colonise Pinus spp. forests across large swathes of the Europe. Preliminary analyses suggest L. acicola could affect 62% of global Pinus species area by the end of this century, under climate change predictions. Although its host range appears slightly narrower than the similar Dothistroma species, Lecanosticta species were recorded on 70 host taxa, mostly Pinus spp., but including, Cedrus and Picea spp. Twenty-three, including species of critical ecological, environmental and economic significance in Europe, are highly susceptible to L. acicola, suffering heavy defoliation and sometimes mortality. Variation in apparent susceptibility between reports could reflect variation between regions in the hosts\' genetic make-up, but could also reflect the significant variation in L. acicola populations and lineages found across Europe. This study served to highlight significant gaps in our understanding of the pathogen\'s behaviour. Lecanosticta acicola has recently been downgraded from an A1 quarantine pest to a regulated non quarantine pathogen, and is now widely distributed across Europe. With a need to consider disease management, this study also explored global BSNB strategies, and used Case Studies to summarise the tactics employed to date in Europe.
摘要：
欧洲森林受到越来越多的入侵害虫和病原体的威胁。在过去的一个世纪里,AcicolaLecanosticta,一种主要为松属的叶面病原体。,在全球范围内扩大了范围，并且影响越来越大。Lecanostictaacicola引起棕色斑点针叶病，导致过早落叶，增长减少,和一些宿主的死亡率。起源于北美南部地区，它在20世纪初摧毁了美国南部各州的森林，1942年在西班牙被发现。来自Euphresco项目\'Brownspotrisk，\'这项研究旨在建立Lecanosticta物种的当前分布，并评估了L.acicola对欧洲森林的风险。来自文献的病原体报告，和新的/未公布的调查数据被合并到一个开放获取的地理数据库(http://www。portalofforestpathology.com)，用来可视化病原体的范围，推断它的气候耐受性，并更新其主机范围。Lecanosticta物种现已在44个国家/地区记录，大部分在北半球。类型物种，L.acicola,近年来增加了它的范围，在有数据的26个欧洲国家中，有24个存在。Lecanosticta的其他物种主要限于墨西哥和中美洲，最近，哥伦比亚。地理数据库记录表明，acicola可以容忍北半球的各种气候，并表明其在松属物种上定居的潜力。欧洲大片森林。初步分析表明，到本世纪末，acicola可能会影响全球62％的松树物种面积，根据气候变化的预测。尽管它的寄主范围似乎比类似的Dothistroma物种稍窄，在70个宿主分类单元上记录了Lecanosticta物种，主要是松属。,但包括,雪松和云杉属。二十三,包括关键生态物种，在欧洲的环境和经济意义，高度易感L.acicola,遭受严重的落叶，有时甚至死亡。报告之间表观易感性的变化可以反映宿主基因组成区域之间的变化，但也可以反映在整个欧洲发现的L.acicola种群和谱系的显着变化。这项研究突出了我们对病原体行为的理解中的重大差距。Lecanostictaacicola最近已从A1检疫性害虫降级为受管制的非检疫性病原体，现在广泛分布在欧洲。需要考虑疾病管理，这项研究还探讨了全球BSNB战略，并使用案例研究来总结迄今为止在欧洲采用的策略。
