Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Pathogens that reproduce or develop in mosquitoes can transmit several diseases, endanger human health, and overwhelm health systems. Synthetic pyrethroids are the most widely used insecticides against adult mosquitoes, but their widespread use has led to resistance. The adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are involved in the resistance monitoring of insects, but their role and underlying mechanisms in insecticide resistance have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we identified ABC transporter genes in Culex pipiens and investigated their role in the development of insecticide resistance.
RESULTS: We identified 63 ABC transporter genes in Cx. pipiens and classified them as per the ABC transporter subfamilies. We also performed phylogenetic analysis. The knockdown rate of the mosquitoes orally fed with the ABC transporter inhibitor verapamil increased after deltamethrin treatment compared with that of the control group. Several genes from the ABCB, ABCC, and ABCG subfamilies were highly expressed in resistant mosquitoes. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that ABCG6032427 was expressed in the head, chest, abdomen, wings, and legs, and the expression was the highest in the legs. Subsequently, knockdown of ABCG6032427 using RNA interference (RNAi) increased the sensitivity of the mosquitoes to deltamethrin, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed that ABCG6032427 knockdown reduced cuticle thickness and the cuticle became loose and irregular.
CONCLUSIONS: ABCG6032427 may modulate cuticle thickness and structure, thus play an important role in the development of deltamethrin resistance in mosquitoes. Thus, it could be a potential target for deltamethrin resistance management in Cx. pipiens. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
RESULTS: We identified 63 ABC transporter genes in Cx. pipiens and classified them as per the ABC transporter subfamilies. We also performed phylogenetic analysis. The knockdown rate of the mosquitoes orally fed with the ABC transporter inhibitor verapamil increased after deltamethrin treatment compared with that of the control group. Several genes from the ABCB, ABCC, and ABCG subfamilies were highly expressed in resistant mosquitoes. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that ABCG6032427 was expressed in the head, chest, abdomen, wings, and legs, and the expression was the highest in the legs. Subsequently, knockdown of ABCG6032427 using RNA interference (RNAi) increased the sensitivity of the mosquitoes to deltamethrin, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed that ABCG6032427 knockdown reduced cuticle thickness and the cuticle became loose and irregular.
CONCLUSIONS: ABCG6032427 may modulate cuticle thickness and structure, thus play an important role in the development of deltamethrin resistance in mosquitoes. Thus, it could be a potential target for deltamethrin resistance management in Cx. pipiens. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
摘要：
背景：在蚊子中繁殖或发展的病原体可以传播几种疾病，危害人类健康,压倒卫生系统。合成拟除虫菊酯是对成年蚊子使用最广泛的杀虫剂，但是它们的广泛使用导致了抵制。ATP结合盒（ABC）转运蛋白参与昆虫的抗性监测，但是它们在杀虫剂抗性中的作用和潜在机制尚未完全阐明。在本研究中,我们在淡色库蚊中鉴定了ABC转运体基因，并研究了它们在杀虫剂抗性发展中的作用。
结果：我们在Cx中鉴定了63个ABC转运蛋白基因。pipiens，并根据ABC转运子家族对它们进行分类。我们还进行了系统发育分析。与对照组相比，溴氰菊酯处理后，口服ABC转运蛋白抑制剂维拉帕米的蚊子的击倒率增加。来自ABCB的几个基因，ABCC,ABCG亚家族在抗性蚊子中高表达。免疫荧光分析显示ABCG6032427在头部表达，胸部，腹部，翅膀,和腿，表情在腿部最高。随后，使用RNA干扰（RNAi）敲低ABCG6032427增加了蚊子对溴氰菊酯的敏感性，扫描和透射电子显微镜显示ABCG6032427击倒减少了角质层的厚度，角质层变得松散和不规则。
结论：ABCG6032427可以调节角质层的厚度和结构，因此在蚊子对溴氰菊酯抗性的发展中起着重要作用。因此，它可能是Cx中溴氰菊酯抗性管理的潜在目标。Pipiens.
结果：我们在Cx中鉴定了63个ABC转运蛋白基因。pipiens，并根据ABC转运子家族对它们进行分类。我们还进行了系统发育分析。与对照组相比，溴氰菊酯处理后，口服ABC转运蛋白抑制剂维拉帕米的蚊子的击倒率增加。来自ABCB的几个基因，ABCC,ABCG亚家族在抗性蚊子中高表达。免疫荧光分析显示ABCG6032427在头部表达，胸部，腹部，翅膀,和腿，表情在腿部最高。随后，使用RNA干扰（RNAi）敲低ABCG6032427增加了蚊子对溴氰菊酯的敏感性，扫描和透射电子显微镜显示ABCG6032427击倒减少了角质层的厚度，角质层变得松散和不规则。
结论：ABCG6032427可以调节角质层的厚度和结构，因此在蚊子对溴氰菊酯抗性的发展中起着重要作用。因此，它可能是Cx中溴氰菊酯抗性管理的潜在目标。Pipiens.
