Abstract：
Oral exposure is known as the primary way for silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which are commonly used as food additives or antibacterial agents in commercial products, to enter the human body. Although the health risk of AgNPs has been a concern and extensively researched over the past few decades, there are still numerous knowledge gaps that need to be filled to disclose what AgNPs experience in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and how they cause oral toxicity. In order to gain more insight into the fate of AgNPs in the GIT, the main gastrointestinal transformation of AgNPs, including aggregation/disaggregation, oxidative dissolution, chlorination, sulfuration, and corona formation, is first described. Second, the intestinal absorption of AgNPs is presented to show how AgNPs interact with epithelial cells and cross the intestinal barrier. Then, more importantly, we make an overview of the mechanisms underlying the oral toxicity of AgNPs in light of recent advances as well as the factors affecting the nano-bio interactions in the GIT, which have rarely been thoroughly elaborated in published literature. At last, we emphatically discuss the issues that need to be addressed in the future to answer the question \"How does oral exposure to AgNPs cause detrimental effects on the human body?\".
摘要：
口服暴露被称为银纳米粒子（AgNPs）的主要途径，它们通常在商业产品中用作食品添加剂或抗菌剂，进入人体。尽管AgNPs的健康风险在过去的几十年中一直是人们关注和广泛研究的问题，仍有许多知识空白需要填补,以揭示AgNPs在胃肠道(GIT)中的经历以及它们如何引起口服毒性。为了更深入地了解GIT中AgNPs的命运，AgNPs的主要胃肠道转化，包括聚合/解聚，氧化溶解，氯化,硫化，和电晕形成，首先描述。第二,呈现AgNPs的肠吸收以显示AgNPs如何与上皮细胞相互作用并穿过肠屏障。然后，更重要的是,我们对AgNPs口服毒性的机制进行了概述，并根据最新进展以及影响GIT中纳米生物相互作用的因素，这在出版的文献中很少被彻底阐述。最后,我们着重讨论未来需要解决的问题，以回答“口服暴露于AgNPs如何对人体产生有害影响？”的问题。
