PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Cancer‑testis antigen (CTA) is a well‑accepted optimal target library for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Most CTAs are located on the X chromosome and aggregate into large gene families, such as the melanoma antigen, synovial sarcoma X and G antigen families. Members of the CTA subfamily are usually co‑expressed in tumor tissues and share similar structural characteristics and biological functions. As cancer vaccines are recommended to induce specific antitumor responses, CTAs, particularly CTA subfamilies, are widely used in the design of cancer vaccines. To date, DNA, mRNA and peptide vaccines have been commonly used to generate tumor‑specific CTAs in vivo and induce anticancer effects. Despite promising results in preclinical studies, the antitumor efficacy of CTA‑based vaccines is limited in clinical trials, which may be partially attributed to weak immunogenicity, low efficacy of antigen delivery and presentation processes, as well as a suppressive immune microenvironment. Recently, the development of nanomaterials has enhanced the cancer vaccination cascade, improved the antitumor performance and reduced off‑target effects. The present study provided an in‑depth review of the structural characteristics and biofunctions of the CTA subfamilies, summarised the design and utilisation of CTA‑based vaccine platforms and provided recommendations for developing nanomaterial‑derived CTA‑targeted vaccines.
摘要：
癌症-睾丸抗原（CTA）是公认的癌症诊断和治疗的最佳靶标库。大多数CTA位于X染色体上，并聚集成大型基因家族，比如黑色素瘤抗原，滑膜肉瘤X和G抗原家族。CTA亚家族成员通常在肿瘤组织中共表达，并具有相似的结构特征和生物学功能。由于癌症疫苗被推荐用于诱导特定的抗肿瘤反应，CTA,特别是CTA亚家族，被广泛用于癌症疫苗的设计。迄今为止,DNA,mRNA和肽疫苗通常用于在体内产生肿瘤特异性CTA并诱导抗癌作用。尽管临床前研究有希望的结果，基于CTA的疫苗的抗肿瘤功效在临床试验中受到限制，这可能部分归因于弱免疫原性，抗原递送和呈递过程的低功效，以及抑制性免疫微环境。最近,纳米材料的发展增强了癌症疫苗接种级联，提高了抗肿瘤性能，减少了脱靶效应。本研究对CTA亚家族的结构特征和生物功能进行了深入的回顾，总结了基于CTA的疫苗平台的设计和利用，并为开发纳米材料衍生的CTA靶向疫苗提供了建议。
