Abstract：
Antioxidant-rich plant extracts have demonstrated tremendous value as inflammatory modulators and as nanomaterial precursors. Chronic cigarette smoking alters neurotransmitter systems, particularly the glutamatergic system, and produces neuroinflammation. This study aimed to investigate the behavioral and molecular correlates of cigarette smoking withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior in rats, and whether these effects could be mitigated by the administration of antioxidant nanoassemblies prepared by spontaneous oxidation of dark-roasted Arabica coffee bean aqueous extracts. Four experimental groups of female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to: (i) a control group that was only exposed to room air, (ii) a COF group that was administered 20 mg/kg of the coffee nanoassemblies by oral gavage, (iii) a SMOK group that was exposed to cigarette smoke and was given an oral gavage of distilled water, (iv) and a SMOK + COF group that was exposed to cigarette smoke and administered 20 mg/kg of the coffee nanoassemblies. Animals were exposed to cigarette smoke for 2 h per day, five days per week, with a 2-day withdrawal period each week. At the end of the 4th week, rats began receiving either distilled water or the coffee nanoassemblies before being exposed to cigarette smoke for 21 additional days. Weekly behavioral tests revealed that cigarette smoking withdrawal exacerbated anxiety, while the administration of the coffee nanoassemblies reduced this effect. The effect of cigarette smoking on astroglial glutamate transporters and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) expression in brain subregions was also measured. Smoking reduced the relative mRNA and protein levels of the glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) and the cystine/glutamate antiporter (xCT), and increased the levels of NF-κB, but these effects were attenuated by the coffee nanoassemblies. Thus, administration of the antioxidant nanoassemblies decreased the negative effects of cigarette smoke, which included neuroinflammation, changes in glutamate transporters\' expression, and a rise in anxiety-like behavior.
摘要：
富含抗氧化剂的植物提取物已显示出作为炎症调节剂和作为纳米材料前体的巨大价值。长期吸烟会改变神经递质系统，特别是谷氨酸能系统，并产生神经炎症。本研究旨在探讨吸烟戒断致大鼠焦虑样行为的行为和分子相关性,以及是否可以通过施用由深色烘烤的阿拉比卡咖啡豆水性提取物自发氧化制备的抗氧化剂纳米组装体来减轻这些影响。雌性Sprague-Dawley大鼠的四个实验组被随机分配到：（i）仅暴露于室内空气的对照组，（ii）COF组，通过口服管饲法施用20mg/kg的咖啡纳米组件，（iii）暴露于香烟烟雾并口服灌胃蒸馏水的SMOK组，(iv)和SMOK+COF组,其暴露于香烟烟雾并施用20mg/kg的咖啡纳米组装体。动物每天暴露于香烟烟雾2小时，每周五天,每周有2天的停药期。在第4周结束时，大鼠开始接受蒸馏水或咖啡纳米组件，然后再暴露于香烟烟雾21天。每周行为测试显示，戒烟加剧了焦虑，而咖啡纳米组件的管理降低了这种效果。还测量了吸烟对脑亚区星形胶质谷氨酸转运蛋白和核因子κB（NF-κB）表达的影响。吸烟降低了谷氨酸转运蛋白1（GLT-1）和胱氨酸/谷氨酸反转运蛋白（xCT）的相对mRNA和蛋白质水平，并增加了NF-κB的水平，但是咖啡纳米组件减弱了这些影响。因此，抗氧化剂纳米组件的管理减少了香烟烟雾的负面影响，包括神经炎症，谷氨酸转运蛋白表达的变化，和焦虑样行为的上升。
