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Abstract：
Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the deadliest among women worldwide. Estrogen signaling is closely associated with hormone-dependent breast cancer (estrogen and progesterone receptor positive), which accounts for two-thirds of tumors. Hormone therapy using antiestrogens is the gold standard, but resistance to these treatments invariably occurs through various biological mechanisms, such as changes in estrogen receptor activity, mutations in the ESR1 gene, aberrant activation of the PI3K pathway or cell cycle dysregulations. All these factors have led to the development of new therapies, such as selective estrogen receptor degraders (SERDs), or combination therapies with cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) 4/6 or PI3K inhibitors. Therefore, understanding the estrogen pathway is essential for the treatment and new drug development of hormone-dependent cancers. This mini-review summarizes current literature on the signalization, mechanisms of action and clinical implications of estrogen receptors in breast cancer.
摘要：
乳腺癌是全球女性中最常见和最致命的癌症。雌激素信号与激素依赖性乳腺癌（雌激素和孕激素受体阳性）密切相关，占肿瘤的三分之二。使用抗雌激素的激素疗法是金标准，但是对这些治疗的抗性总是通过各种生物学机制发生的，例如雌激素受体活性的变化，ESR1基因突变，PI3K通路的异常激活或细胞周期失调。所有这些因素导致了新疗法的发展，如选择性雌激素受体降解剂(SERD)，或与细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶（CDK）4/6或PI3K抑制剂的组合疗法。因此,了解雌激素途径对于激素依赖性癌症的治疗和新药开发至关重要。这篇小型综述总结了目前关于信号化的文献，雌激素受体在乳腺癌中的作用机制和临床意义。
