PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Fungicide applications in agriculture and medicine can promote the evolution of resistant, pathogenic fungi, which is a growing problem for disease management in both settings. Nonpathogenic mycobiota are also exposed to fungicides, may become tolerant, and could turn into agricultural or medical problems, for example, due to climate change or in immunocompromised individuals. However, quantitative data about fungicide sensitivity of environmental fungi is mostly lacking. Aureobasidium species are widely distributed and frequently isolated yeast-like fungi. One species, A. pullulans, is used as a biocontrol agent, but is also encountered in clinical samples, regularly. Here, we compared 16 clinical and 30 agricultural Aureobasidium isolates based on whole-genome data and by sensitivity testing with the 3 fungicides captan, cyprodinil, and difenoconazole. Our phylogenetic analyses determined that 7 of the 16 clinical isolates did not belong to the species A. pullulans. These isolates clustered with other Aureobasidium species, including A. melanogenum, a recently separated species that expresses virulence traits that are mostly lacking in A. pullulans. Interestingly, the clinical Aureobasidium isolates were significantly more fungicide sensitive than many isolates from agricultural samples, which implies selection for fungicide tolerance of non-target fungi in agricultural ecosystems. IMPORTANCE Environmental microbiota are regularly found in clinical samples and can cause disease, in particular, in immunocompromised individuals. Organisms of the genus Aureobasidium belonging to this group are highly abundant, and some species are even described as pathogens. Many A. pullulans isolates from agricultural samples are tolerant to different fungicides, and it seems inevitable that such strains will eventually appear in the clinics. Selection for fungicide tolerance would be particularly worrisome for species A. melanogenum, which is also found in the environment and exhibits virulence traits. Based on our observation and the strains tested here, clinical Aureobasidium isolates are still fungicide sensitive. We, therefore, suggest monitoring fungicide sensitivity in species, such as A. pullulans and A. melanogenum, and to consider the development of fungicide tolerance in the evaluation process of fungicides.
摘要：
杀菌剂在农业和医学中的应用可以促进抗性的进化，病原真菌，这对两种情况下的疾病管理都是一个日益严重的问题。非致病性分枝杆菌也暴露于杀菌剂，可以变得宽容，可能会变成农业或医疗问题，例如,由于气候变化或免疫功能低下的个体。然而,关于环境真菌的杀菌剂敏感性的定量数据大多缺乏。金黄色葡萄球菌是分布广泛且经常分离的酵母样真菌。一个物种,A.普鲁兰，用作生物防治剂，但在临床样本中也遇到过，定期。这里,我们比较了16个临床分离和30个农业分离的基础上的全基因组数据和敏感性测试与3种杀菌剂卡坦，环丙啶,和苯醚甲环唑.我们的系统发育分析确定16个临床分离株中的7个不属于普鲁兰杆菌。这些分离株与其他梭子蟹物种聚集在一起，包括黑色素A,一种最近分离的物种，表达出在普鲁兰杆菌中大部分缺乏的毒力性状。有趣的是,与许多来自农业样品的分离株相比，临床分离株对杀菌剂的敏感性明显更高，这意味着在农业生态系统中选择非目标真菌的杀菌剂耐受性。重要性环境微生物群经常在临床样本中发现，并可能导致疾病，特别是,在免疫受损的个体中。属于该群体的金子花属的生物非常丰富，有些物种甚至被描述为病原体。来自农业样品的许多普鲁兰分离株对不同的杀真菌剂具有耐受性，这种菌株最终会出现在诊所似乎不可避免。对杀真菌剂耐受性的选择对于黑色素A.它也在环境中发现并表现出毒力特征。根据我们的观察和这里测试的菌株，临床上分离的金黄色葡萄球菌仍然对杀菌剂敏感。我们,因此,建议监测物种中的杀菌剂敏感性，如支链淀粉和黑色素，并在杀菌剂的评价过程中考虑杀菌剂耐受性的发展。
