Abstract：
According to the state regulation deficit (SRD) account, ADHD is associated with difficulties regulating tonic arousal levels, which may be due to inefficient effort allocation. We aimed to test the SRD account by using a target detection task with three different event rates (ER; 700 ms, 1800 ms, 6000 ms), in order to manipulate the tonic arousal state and its effects on performance and pupil indices in adults with high (n = 40) versus low (n = 36) ADHD symptom levels. In an additional condition, a fast ER (700 ms) was accompanied by auditory white noise (WN), to further increase tonic arousal level. The ER manipulation had a clear effect on RT and variability of RT. These effects were more pronounced for the high-ADHD group, especially for variability of RT with decreasing ER, suggestive of deficient upregulation of a tonic arousal state in that group, in line with their self-reported SRDs in daily life. Adding WN to the fast condition led to more errors, however similarly for both groups. Contrary to our predictions, the ER manipulation had no effect on tonic pupil size (as a measure of tonic arousal). Phasic pupil amplitude (as a measure of cognitive effort) linearly increased with decreasing ER, suggesting more effort allocation during slower ERs. WN decreased phasic pupil amplitude, but had no impact on tonic pupil size. Importantly, however, no ADHD-related differences were present for the pupil indices. In conclusion, adults with elevated levels of ADHD symptoms reported more SRDs in daily life and showed a performance pattern that suggests difficulties in upregulating but not downregulating the tonic arousal state. Surprisingly, these findings were not accompanied by group differences in pupillometric indices. This casts some doubts on the relationship between these measures of autonomic nervous system activity and state regulation, in particular in the context of ADHD symptomatology.
摘要：
根据国家监管赤字(SRD)账户，多动症与调节强直性唤醒水平的困难有关，这可能是由于努力分配效率低下。我们旨在通过使用具有三种不同事件率的目标检测任务来测试SRD帐户(ER；700毫秒，1800毫秒，6000毫秒)，为了操纵高（n=40）和低（n=36）ADHD症状水平的成年人的强直性唤醒状态及其对表现和瞳孔指数的影响。在一个附加条件下,快速的ER（700毫秒）伴随着听觉白噪声（WN），进一步增加滋补唤醒水平。ER操作对RT和RT变异性有明显影响。这些影响对于高度多动症组更为明显，特别是对于随ER降低的RT的可变性，暗示该组中补品唤醒状态的上调不足，符合他们在日常生活中自我报告的SRD。将WN添加到快速条件会导致更多错误，然而，这两个群体也是如此。与我们的预测相反,ER操作对强直性瞳孔大小(作为强直性唤醒的量度)没有影响.相位瞳孔振幅（作为认知努力的量度）随着ER的降低而线性增加，建议在较慢的ER期间分配更多的努力。WN阶段性瞳孔振幅降低，但对补品瞳孔大小没有影响。重要的是,然而,瞳孔指数无ADHD相关差异.总之,ADHD症状水平升高的成年人在日常生活中报告了更多的SRD,并且表现出一种表现模式,表明在上调而不是下调强直性唤醒状态方面存在困难.令人惊讶的是,这些发现并不伴随着瞳孔测量指数的组间差异.这使人们对自主神经系统活动的这些措施与状态调节之间的关系产生了一些怀疑，特别是在多动症症状学的背景下。
