Abstract：
Brazil is the third largest exporter of fruits and vegetables in the world and, consequently, uses large amounts of pesticides. Food contamination with pesticide residues (PRs) is a serious concern, especially in developing countries. Several research reports revealed that some Brazilian farmers spray pesticides on fruits and vegetables in large quantities, generating PRs after harvest. Thus, ingestion of food contaminated with PRs can cause adverse health effects. Based on information obtained through a systematic review of essential information from 33 articles, we studied the assessment of potential health risks associated with fruit and vegetable consumption in children and adults from Brazilian states. This study identified 111 PRs belonging to different chemical groups, mainly organophosphates and organochlorines, in 26 fruit and vegetable samples consumed and exported by Brazil. Sixteen of these PRs were above the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) established by local and international legislation. We did not identify severe acute and chronic dietary risks, but the highest risk values were observed in São Paulo and Santa Catarina, associated with the consumption of tomatoes and sweet peppers due to the high concentrations of organophosphates. A high long-term health risk is associated with the consumption of oranges in São Paulo and grapes in Bahia due to chlorothalonil and procymidone. We also identified that 26 PRs are considered carcinogenic by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), and the carcinogenic risk analysis revealed no severe risk in any Brazilian state investigated due to the cumulative hazard index (HI) < 1. However, the highest HI values were in São Paulo due to acephate and carbaryl in sweet pepper and in Bahia due to dichlorvos. This information can help regulatory authorities define new guidelines for pesticide residue limits in fruits and vegetables commonly consumed and exported from Brazil and monitor the quality of commercial formulations.
摘要：
巴西是世界第三大水果和蔬菜出口国,因此,使用大量的杀虫剂。农药残留（PRs）污染食品是一个严重的问题，尤其是在发展中国家。几份研究报告显示,一些巴西农民在水果和蔬菜上大量喷洒农药,收获后产生PR。因此，摄入受PRs污染的食物会对健康造成不良影响。根据通过对33篇文章中的基本信息进行系统审查而获得的信息，我们研究了巴西各州儿童和成人与水果和蔬菜消费相关的潜在健康风险评估.这项研究确定了属于不同化学基团的111个PR，主要是有机磷和有机氯，在巴西消费和出口的26个水果和蔬菜样品中。这些PR中有16项高于当地和国际立法规定的最高剩余限额（MRL）。我们没有发现严重的急性和慢性饮食风险，但最高的风险值在圣保罗和圣卡塔琳娜，由于有机磷酸酯的高浓度，与西红柿和甜椒的消费有关。由于百菌清和原霉素酮，圣保罗的橙子和巴伊亚州的葡萄消费与长期健康风险有关。我们还确定了26个PR被美国环境保护署（USEPA）认为是致癌的，并且致癌风险分析显示，由于累积危害指数（HI）<1，在所调查的任何巴西州均无严重风险。然而,HI值最高的是圣保罗，这是由于甜椒中的乙酰甲胺磷和西维因，而巴伊亚州则是敌敌畏。这些信息可以帮助监管机构为巴西通常消费和出口的水果和蔬菜中的农药残留限量制定新的指南，并监测商业配方的质量。
