Abstract：
Several immune and immunocompetent cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages, adipocytes, natural killer cells, T cells, and B cells, are significantly correlated with the complex discipline of oncology. Cytotoxic innate and adaptive immune cells can block tumor proliferation, and others can prevent the immune system from rejecting malignant cells and provide a favorable environment for tumor progression. These cells communicate with the microenvironment through cytokines, a chemical messenger, in an endocrine, paracrine, or autocrine manner. These cytokines play an important role in health and disease, particularly in host immune responses to infection and inflammation. They include chemokines, interleukins (ILs), adipokines, interferons, colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which are produced by a wide range of cells, including immune cells, such as macrophages, B-cells, T-cells, and mast cells, as well as endothelial cells, fibroblasts, a variety of stromal cells, and some cancer cells. Cytokines play a crucial role in cancer and cancer-related inflammation, with direct and indirect effects on tumor antagonistic or tumor promoting functions. They have been extensively researched as immunostimulatory mediators to promote the generation, migration and recruitment of immune cells that contribute to an effective antitumor immune response or pro-tumor microenvironment. Thus, in many cancers such as breast cancer, cytokines including leptin, IL-1B, IL-6, IL-8, IL-23, IL-17, and IL-10 stimulate while others including IL-2, IL-12, and IFN-γ, inhibit cancer proliferation and/or invasion and enhance the body\'s anti-tumor defense. Indeed, the multifactorial functions of cytokines in tumorigenesis will advance our understanding of cytokine crosstalk pathways in the tumor microenvironment, such as JAK/STAT, PI3K, AKT, Rac, MAPK, NF-κB, JunB, cFos, and mTOR, which are involved in angiogenesis, cancer proliferation and metastasis. Accordingly, targeting and blocking tumor-promoting cytokines or activating and amplifying tumor-inhibiting cytokines are considered cancer-directed therapies. Here, we focus on the role of the inflammatory cytokine system in pro- and anti-tumor immune responses, discuss cytokine pathways involved in immune responses to cancer and some anti-cancer therapeutic applications.
摘要：
几种免疫和免疫活性细胞，包括树突状细胞,巨噬细胞，脂肪细胞,自然杀伤细胞,T细胞,B细胞,与肿瘤学的复杂学科显著相关。细胞毒性先天和适应性免疫细胞可以阻断肿瘤增殖，和其他可以防止免疫系统排斥恶性细胞，并为肿瘤进展提供有利的环境。这些细胞通过细胞因子与微环境沟通，化学信使，在内分泌中，旁分泌,或自分泌方式。这些细胞因子在健康和疾病中起着重要作用，特别是在宿主对感染和炎症的免疫反应中。它们包括趋化因子，白细胞介素（IL），脂肪因子,干扰素,集落刺激因子(CSF)，和肿瘤坏死因子（TNF），它们是由各种各样的细胞产生的，包括免疫细胞,比如巨噬细胞，B细胞,T细胞,和肥大细胞,以及内皮细胞，成纤维细胞,各种基质细胞，还有一些癌细胞.细胞因子在癌症和癌症相关的炎症中起着至关重要的作用。对肿瘤拮抗或肿瘤促进功能具有直接和间接作用。它们作为免疫刺激介质被广泛研究，以促进生成，免疫细胞的迁移和募集，有助于有效的抗肿瘤免疫反应或促肿瘤微环境。因此，在许多癌症中，如乳腺癌，细胞因子包括瘦素,IL-1B,IL-6，IL-8，IL-23，IL-17和IL-10刺激，而其他包括IL-2，IL-12和IFN-γ，抑制肿瘤的增殖和/或侵袭，增强机体的抗肿瘤防御。的确,细胞因子在肿瘤发生中的多因素功能将促进我们对肿瘤微环境中细胞因子串扰途径的理解，如JAK/STAT，PI3K,AKT,Rac,MAPK,NF-κB,JunB,cfos,还有MTOR,它们与血管生成有关，癌症增殖和转移。因此，靶向和阻断肿瘤促进细胞因子或激活和放大肿瘤抑制细胞因子被认为是针对癌症的治疗。这里,我们专注于炎症细胞因子系统在促肿瘤和抗肿瘤免疫反应中的作用，讨论参与癌症免疫反应的细胞因子途径和一些抗癌治疗应用。
