Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Livelihood activities and human movements participate in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases and influence malaria risk in elimination settings. In Saudi Arabia, where malaria transmission intensity varies geographically, it is vital to understand the components driving transmission within specific areas. In addition, shared social, behavioural, and occupational characteristics within communities may provoke the risk of malaria infection. This study aims to understand the relationship between human mobility, livelihood activities, and the risk of malaria infection in the border region of Jazan to facilitate further strategic malaria interventions. In addition, the study will complement and reinforce the existing efforts to eliminate malaria on the Saudi and Yemen border by providing a deeper understanding of human movement and livelihood activities.
METHODS: An unmatched case-control study was conducted. A total of 261 participants were recruited for the study, including 81 cases of confirmed malaria through rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and microscopy and 180 controls in the Baish Governorate in Jazan Provinces, Saudi Arabia. Individuals who received malaria tests were interviewed regarding their livelihood activities and recent movement (travel history). A questionnaire was administered, and the data was captured electronically. STATA software version 16 was used to analyse the data. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine if engaging in agricultural activities such as farming and animal husbandry, recent travel history outside of the home village within the last 30 days and participating in spiritual gatherings were related to malaria infection status.
RESULTS: A logistical regression model was used to investigate components associated with malaria infection. After adjusting several confounding factors, individuals who reported travelling away from their home village in the last 30 days OR 11.5 (95% CI 4.43-29.9), and those who attended a seasonal night spiritual gathering OR 3.04 (95% CI 1.10-8.42), involved in animal husbandry OR 2.52 (95% CI 1.10-5.82), and identified as male OR 4.57 (95% CI 1.43-14.7), were more likely to test positive for malaria infection.
CONCLUSIONS: Human movement and livelihood activities, especially at nighttime, should be considered malaria risk factors in malaria elimination settings, mainly when the targeted area is limited to a confined borderland area.
METHODS: An unmatched case-control study was conducted. A total of 261 participants were recruited for the study, including 81 cases of confirmed malaria through rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and microscopy and 180 controls in the Baish Governorate in Jazan Provinces, Saudi Arabia. Individuals who received malaria tests were interviewed regarding their livelihood activities and recent movement (travel history). A questionnaire was administered, and the data was captured electronically. STATA software version 16 was used to analyse the data. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine if engaging in agricultural activities such as farming and animal husbandry, recent travel history outside of the home village within the last 30 days and participating in spiritual gatherings were related to malaria infection status.
RESULTS: A logistical regression model was used to investigate components associated with malaria infection. After adjusting several confounding factors, individuals who reported travelling away from their home village in the last 30 days OR 11.5 (95% CI 4.43-29.9), and those who attended a seasonal night spiritual gathering OR 3.04 (95% CI 1.10-8.42), involved in animal husbandry OR 2.52 (95% CI 1.10-5.82), and identified as male OR 4.57 (95% CI 1.43-14.7), were more likely to test positive for malaria infection.
CONCLUSIONS: Human movement and livelihood activities, especially at nighttime, should be considered malaria risk factors in malaria elimination settings, mainly when the targeted area is limited to a confined borderland area.
摘要：
背景：生计活动和人类运动参与媒介传播疾病的流行病学，并影响消除环境中的疟疾风险。在沙特阿拉伯,疟疾传播强度在地理上有所不同，了解特定区域内驱动传动的部件是至关重要的。此外,共享社会，行为，社区内的职业特征可能会引发疟疾感染的风险。这项研究旨在了解人类流动性之间的关系，生计活动,以及Jazan边境地区疟疾感染的风险，以促进进一步的战略疟疾干预措施。此外,该研究将通过更深入地了解人类运动和生计活动，补充和加强在沙特和也门边境消除疟疾的现有努力。
方法：进行了一项不匹配的病例对照研究。共招募了261名参与者进行研究，包括通过快速诊断测试（RDTs）和显微镜检查确诊的81例疟疾病例，以及Jazan省Baish省的180例对照，沙特阿拉伯。对接受疟疾检测的个人进行了采访，了解他们的生计活动和最近的运动（旅行史）。进行了问卷调查，数据是以电子方式捕获的。使用STATA软件版本16来分析数据。进行了双变量和多变量分析，以确定是否从事农业活动，如农业和畜牧业，最近30天内在家乡以外的旅行历史以及参加精神聚会与疟疾感染状况有关。
结果：使用逻辑回归模型来研究与疟疾感染相关的成分。在调整了几个混杂因素后，报告在过去30天内离开家乡的个人或11.5(95%CI4.43-29.9)，和参加季节性夜间灵性聚会的人OR3.04（95％CI1.10-8.42），涉及畜牧业OR2.52（95%CI1.10-5.82），并鉴定为男性OR4.57（95%CI1.43-14.7），更有可能检测出疟疾感染呈阳性。
结论：人类运动和生计活动，尤其是在夜间,在消除疟疾的环境中，应考虑疟疾的危险因素，主要是当目标区域仅限于有限的边疆地区时。
方法：进行了一项不匹配的病例对照研究。
结果：使用逻辑回归模型来研究与疟疾感染相关的成分。
结论：人类运动和生计活动，
