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Abstract：
Aim: Off-reserve conservation is a major contributor to China biodiversity conservation efforts, biodiversity conservation being achieved within afforestation and low-intensity agriculture in fragmented landscapes. Functional trait is more strongly related to ecological processes than taxonomic diversity and reflects ecosystem functioning and species responses to environmental changes. In this study, we selected five habitats that differ in degree of disturbance to explore the effects of land use on ant community compositions, traits distributions and functional diversity change. We assessed how habitat disturbance affects the ant community compositions and traits distributions and asked if ant functional diversity respond to disturbance at the local scale? Location: Lüchun County, Yunnan Province, southwest China. Methods: Pitfall traps were used to survey ant communities. Additionally, we measured four ant morphological traits (eyes diameter, distance between eyes, femur length of the hind-leg and Weber\'s length) to assess the functional traits distributions and functional diversity. Shade plot of ant relative abundance was used to explore species distribution amongst different habitats. Kernel density plot was used to explore ant traits distribution patterns amongst different habitats. Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling ordination, based on ant Weber\'s length, was used to explore the ant traits compositions amongst different habitats. The fourth corner model was used to evaluate the association between ant traits and environmental variables. The FRic, RaoQ and FEve indices were selected as three complementary measures of the multivariate functional traits space and functional redundancy of different habitats. Results: We collected 14258 ants, representing 89 species, 40 genera and seven subfamilies. Aphaenogasterschurri and Tetramoriumciliatum were the common species of secondary forest; P.sagei, P.pieli, Cardiocondylawroughtonii, Recurvidrisnuwa, Tapinnomamelanocephalum, Monomoriumpharaonis and M.orientale were the common species in plantations; and Iridomyrmexanceps and Cardiocondylanuda were the common species in managed farms. Ants had medium eye diameters, narrow distances between eyes, medium leg lengths and smaller body sizes in greatly-disturbed habitats; and ants had an increasing eye diameter and narrowing of the space between eyes, while the leg length and Weber\'s length became shorter in moderately-disturbed habitats. Ant trait composition, based on Weber\'s length, showed significantly differences amongst five habitats. The fourth corner analysis indicated that ant species traits were significantly correlated with environmental variables. The functional diversity of secondary forest, lac plantation and lac plantation-corn agroforest were higher than those in dryland farm and rice paddy. Functional diversities were significantly negatively correlated with bare ground cover and significantly positively correlated with leaf-litter cover, leaf-litter thickness and plant cover. Main conclusion: Our results indicated that ant traits distribution patterns were affected by land-use changes, followed by anthropogenic disturbance pressures at the local scale. Ant traits compositions in greatly-disturbed habitats also differed from the habitats with less disturbance. It is unfavourable for the survival of the large body-size ants in more open habitats with more anthropogenic disturbance. Compared with secondary forest, dryland farm and rice paddies were less resistant and more vulnerable and lac plantations had approximately functional diversity of ant communities, suggesting that lac plantations might be resistant as secondary forest to species loss.
摘要：
目的：保护区外保护是中国生物多样性保护工作的主要贡献者，在支离破碎的景观中，在植树造林和低强度农业中实现了生物多样性保护。与分类多样性相比，功能性状与生态过程的关系更为紧密，并且反映了生态系统功能和物种对环境变化的反应。在这项研究中,我们选择了5个不同干扰程度的栖息地来探索土地利用对蚂蚁群落组成的影响，性状分布和功能多样性变化。我们评估了栖息地干扰如何影响蚂蚁群落组成和性状分布，并询问蚂蚁功能多样性是否对当地尺度的干扰作出反应？地点：吕春县，云南省,中国西南。方法：使用陷阱对蚂蚁群落进行调查。此外,我们测量了蚂蚁的四个形态特征(眼睛直径，眼睛之间的距离,后腿的股骨长度和韦伯的长度）以评估功能性状的分布和功能多样性。蚂蚁相对丰度的阴影图用于探索不同栖息地之间的物种分布。核密度图用于探索不同栖息地之间的蚂蚁性状分布模式。非度量多维缩放排序，根据蚂蚁韦伯的长度，用于探索不同栖息地之间的蚂蚁性状组成。第四角模型用于评估蚂蚁性状与环境变量之间的关联。Fric,选择RaoQ和FEve指数作为不同生境的多元功能性状空间和功能冗余的三个互补指标。结果：我们收集了14258只蚂蚁，代表89个物种，40属和七个亚科。Aphaenogasterschurri和Tetramoriumciumciatus是次生林的常见物种；P.sagei，P.Pieli,心脏condylawroughtonii,经常性的risnuwa，Tapinnomamelanocephalum，Monomoriumpharaonis和M.orientale是人工林中的常见物种；Iridomyrmexanceps和Cardiodylanuda是管理农场中的常见物种。蚂蚁的眼睛直径中等，眼睛之间的距离很窄，中等腿的长度和较小的身体尺寸在严重干扰的栖息地;和蚂蚁有一个增加的眼睛直径和眼睛之间的空间缩小，而在中度扰动的栖息地，腿长和韦伯的长度变得更短。蚂蚁性状组成,根据韦伯的长度，在五个栖息地之间显示出显着差异。第四角分析表明，蚂蚁物种性状与环境变量显着相关。次生林的功能多样性,紫胶种植和紫胶种植-玉米农林高于旱地农场和稻田。功能多样性与裸露地面覆盖呈显著负相关，与凋落叶覆盖呈显著正相关，落叶厚度和植物覆盖率。主要结论：我们的结果表明，蚂蚁性状的分布格局受到土地利用变化的影响，其次是局部尺度的人为干扰压力。受干扰较大的栖息地中的蚂蚁性状组成也与受干扰较小的栖息地不同。在更开放的栖息地中，人为干扰更大，这不利于大型蚂蚁的生存。与次生林相比，旱地农场和稻田的抵抗力较低，更脆弱，紫胶种植园具有蚂蚁群落的功能多样性，这表明紫胶人工林作为次生林可能对物种丧失具有抵抗力。
