Abstract：
Mosquitoes cause serious health hazards for millions of people across the globe by acting as vectors of deadly communicable diseases like malaria, filariasis, dengue and yellow fever. Use of conventional chemical insecticides to control mosquito vectors has led to the development of biological resistance in them along with adverse environmental consequences. In this light, the recent years have witnessed enormous efforts of researchers to develop eco-friendly and cost-effective alternatives with special emphasis on plant-derived mosquitocidal compounds. Neem oil, derived from neem seeds (Azadirachta indica A. Juss, Meliaceae), has been proved to be an excellent candidate against a wide range of vectors of medical and veterinary importance including mosquitoes. It is environment-friendly, and target-specific at the same time. The active ingredients of neem oil include limonoids like azadirachtin A, nimbin, salannin and numerous other substances that are still waiting to be discovered. Of these, azadirachtin has been shown to be very effective and is mainly responsible for its toxic effects. The quality of the neem oil depends on its azadirachtin content which, in turn, depends on its manufacturing process. Neem oil can be used directly or as nanoemulsions or nanoparticles or even in the form of effervescent tablets. When added to natural breeding habitat waters they exert their mosquitocidal effects by acting as ovicides, larvicides, pupicides and/or oviposition repellents. The effects are generated by impairing the physiological pathways of the immature stages of mosquitoes or directly by causing physical deformities that impede their development. Neem oil when used directly has certain disadvantages mainly related to its disintegration under atmospheric conditions rendering it ineffective. However, many of its formulations have been reported to remain stable under environmental conditions retaining its efficiency for a long time. Similarly, neem seed cake has also been found to be effective against the mosquito vectors. The greatest advantage is that the target species do not develop resistance against neem-based products mainly because of the innumerable number of chemicals present in neem and their combinations. This makes neem-based products highly potential yet unexplored candidates of mosquito control agents. The current review helps to elucidate the roles of neem oil and its various derivatives on mosquito vectors of public health concern.
摘要：
蚊子作为疟疾等致命传染病的媒介，对全球数百万人造成严重的健康危害，丝虫病,登革热和黄热病。使用常规化学杀虫剂来控制蚊媒已导致它们中生物抗性的发展以及不利的环境后果。在这种情况下，近年来，研究人员为开发生态友好且具有成本效益的替代品付出了巨大的努力，特别强调了植物来源的杀蚊化合物。印尼树油,源自印em种子(AzadirachtaindicaA.Juss，柳科)，已被证明是对抗包括蚊子在内的各种医学和兽医重要媒介的优秀候选者。它是环境友好的，同时针对特定目标。印尼树油的活性成分包括柠檬苦素类，如印字素A，nimbin,salannin和许多其他物质仍在等待被发现。其中,印字素已被证明是非常有效的，主要负责其毒性作用。印本油的质量取决于印字素的含量，反过来,取决于它的制造过程。印鉴油可以直接使用或作为纳米乳液或纳米颗粒或甚至以泡腾片的形式使用。当添加到自然繁殖栖息地水域时，它们通过充当卵杀来发挥灭蚊作用，杀幼虫剂,pupicides和/或产卵驱避剂。这些影响是通过损害蚊子未成熟阶段的生理途径或直接通过引起阻碍其发育的身体畸形而产生的。当直接使用时,印鉴油具有某些缺点,主要涉及其在大气条件下的崩解,使其无效。然而,据报道，它的许多配方在环境条件下保持稳定，长时间保持其效率。同样，还发现了印度的种子饼对蚊子媒介有效。最大的优点是目标物种不会对基于印em的产品产生抗性，这主要是因为印em及其组合中存在无数数量的化学物质。这使得基于印em的产品具有很高的潜力，但尚未开发的蚊子控制剂候选物。当前的审查有助于阐明印em油及其各种衍生物在引起公共卫生关注的蚊媒中的作用。
