Abstract：
This review summarizes the role of environmental factors on amphibian microbiotas at the organismal, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere levels. At the organismal-level, tissue source, disease status, and experimental manipulations were the strongest predictors of variation in amphibian microbiotas. At the population-level, habitat quality, disease status, and ancestry were commonly documented as drivers of microbiota turnover. At the community-level, studies focused on how species\' niche influence microbiota structure and function. At the ecosystem-level, abiotic and biotic reservoirs were important contributors to microbiota structure. At the biosphere-level, databases, sample banks, and seminatural experiments were commonly used to describe microbiota assembly mechanisms among temperate and tropical amphibians. Collectively, our review demonstrates that environmental factors can influence microbiotas through diverse mechanisms at all biological scales. Importantly, while environmental mechanisms occurring at each of the different scales can interact to shape microbiotas, the past 10 years of research have mostly been characterized by targeted approaches at individual scales. Looking forward, efforts considering how environmental factors at multiple organizational levels interact to shape microbiota diversity and function are paramount. Generating opportunities for meaningful cross-disciplinary interactions and supporting infrastructure for research that spans biological scales are imperative to addressing this gap.
摘要：
这篇综述总结了环境因素对生物体两栖动物微生物的作用，人口,社区,生态系统,和生物圈水平。在组织层面，组织来源，疾病状态,和实验操作是两栖动物微生物变异的最强预测因子。在人口层面，生境质量,疾病状态,和祖先通常被记录为微生物群周转的驱动因素。在社区一级，研究集中在物种生态位如何影响微生物群的结构和功能。在生态系统层面，非生物和生物水库是微生物群结构的重要贡献者。在生物圈层面，数据库,样本银行，半自然实验通常用于描述温带和热带两栖动物中的微生物群组装机制。总的来说，我们的综述表明，环境因素可以通过各种机制在所有生物尺度上影响微生物。重要的是,虽然在每个不同尺度上发生的环境机制可以相互作用来塑造微生物，过去十年的研究大多是在个别尺度上有针对性的方法。展望未来,考虑环境因素在多个组织层面如何相互作用以塑造微生物群多样性和功能的努力是至关重要的。为跨生物尺度的研究创造有意义的跨学科互动和支持基础设施的机会对于解决这一差距至关重要。
