PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Gulf War Illness (GWI) has been reported in 25%-35% of veterans returned from the Gulf war. Symptoms of GWI are varied and include both neurological and gastrointestinal symptoms as well as chronic fatigue. Development of GWI has been associated with chemical exposure particularly with exposure to pyridostigmine bromide (PB) and permethrin. Recent studies have found that the pathology of GWI is connected to changes in the gut microbiota, that is the gut dysbiosis. In studies using animal models, the exposure to PB and permethrin resulted in similar changes in the gut microbiome as these found in GW veterans with GWI. Studies using animal models have also shown that phytochemicals like curcumin are beneficial in reducing the symptoms and that the extracellular vesicles (EV) released from gut bacteria and from the intestinal epithelium can both promote diseases and suppress diseases through the intercellular communication mechanisms. The intestinal epithelium cells produce EVs and these EVs of intestinal epithelium origin are found to suppress inflammatory bowel disease severity, suggesting the benefits of utilizing EV in treatments. On the contrary, EV from the plasma of septic mice enhanced the level of proinflammatory cytokines in vitro and neutrophils and macrophages in vivo, suggesting differences in the EV depending on the types of cells they were originated and/or influences of environmental changes. These studies suggest that targeting the EV that specifically have positive influences may become a new therapeutic strategy in the treatment of veterans with GWI.
摘要：
据报道，从海湾战争返回的退伍军人中有25％-35％患有海湾战争疾病（GWI）。GWI的症状多种多样，包括神经系统和胃肠道症状以及慢性疲劳。GWI的发展与化学暴露有关，特别是与溴吡啶斯的明（PB）和氯菊酯的暴露有关。最近的研究发现，GWI的病理与肠道菌群的变化有关，那就是肠道菌群失调。在使用动物模型的研究中，暴露于PB和氯菊酯导致肠道微生物组的变化与GWI的GW退伍军人相似.使用动物模型的研究还表明，像姜黄素这样的植物化学物质有益于减轻症状，并且从肠道细菌和肠上皮释放的细胞外囊泡（EV）可以通过细胞间通讯机制促进疾病并抑制疾病。肠上皮细胞产生EVs和这些肠上皮起源的EVs被发现抑制炎症性肠病的严重程度，提示在治疗中使用EV的好处。相反,脓毒症小鼠血浆中的EV在体外增强了促炎细胞因子的水平，在体内增强了中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞的水平，提示EV的差异取决于它们起源的细胞类型和/或环境变化的影响。这些研究表明，针对具有积极影响的EV可能成为治疗GWI退伍军人的新治疗策略。
