PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
A survey was sent to zoos, research facilities, and sanctuaries which housed chimpanzees. Data collected included information about 1122 chimpanzees’ age, sex, social group-size, rearing history, and enclosure. Respondents were also asked to indicate if certain behaviors had been observed in each chimpanzee over the prior two years. Species- typical behaviors (STBs) were queried, including copulation, tool-use, nest-building, and social grooming. Tool-use was reported present for 94.3% of the sample (n = 982), active social grooming for 85.7% (n = 1121), copulation for 68.3% (n = 863) and nest-building for 58.9% (n = 982). Of the subjects for whom we had data regarding all four STBs (n = 860), 45.6% were reported to engage in all four. Logistic regression analyses using forward Wald criteria were conducted to determine the best model for each STB based on the predictors of age, sex, rearing history, group-size, facility-type, and a sex-by-rearing interaction. The best model for copulation (χ2(6) = 124.62, p < 0.001) included rearing, group-size, facility-type, and the sex-by-rearing interaction. Chimpanzees were more likely to copulate if they were mother-reared, in larger groups, living in research facilities, and, if not mother-reared (NOTMR), more likely to copulate if they were female. The best model for tool-use retained the predictors of age category, facility-type, and sex-by-rearing (χ2(5) = 55.78, p < 0.001). Chimpanzees were more likely to use tools if they were adult, living in research facilities, and if NOTMR, were female. The best model for nest-building included facility-type and rearing (χ2(3) = 205.71, p < 0.001). Chimpanzees were more likely to build nests if they were MR and if they were living in zoos or in sanctuaries. The best model for active social grooming retained the predictors of age, sex, rearing, and type of facility (χ2(6) = 102.15, p < 0.001). Chimpanzees were more likely to engage in active social grooming if they were immature, female, mother-reared, and living in zoos. This research provides a basic behavioral profile for many chimpanzees living under human care in the United States and allows us to determine potential methods for improving the welfare of these and future chimpanzees in this population.
摘要：
一份调查被送到动物园，研究设施,和住黑猩猩的避难所。收集的数据包括关于1122只黑猩猩年龄的信息，性别,社会群体规模，养育历史，和外壳。受访者还被要求指出在过去两年中是否在每只黑猩猩中观察到某些行为。物种-典型行为(STB)被查询，包括交配,工具使用，筑巢,和社会美容。据报道，94.3%的样品使用了工具(n=982)，积极的社会美容占85.7%(n=1121)，交配68.3%(n=863)，筑巢58.9%(n=982)。在我们有关于所有四个STB的数据的受试者中(n=860)，据报道，有45.6％的人参与了所有四个。使用正向Wald标准进行Logistic回归分析，以根据年龄预测因素确定每个STB的最佳模型。性别,养育历史，group-size,设施类型,和教养性互动。交配的最佳模型（χ2（6）=124.62，p＆lt;0.001）包括饲养，group-size,设施类型,和养育性别的互动。如果黑猩猩是由母亲抚养的，它们更有可能交配，在更大的群体中，生活在研究机构，and,如果不是母亲抚养（NOTMR），更有可能交配，如果他们是女性。工具使用的最佳模型保留了年龄类别的预测因子，设施类型,和按性别划分的教养方式(χ2(5)=55.78，p<0.001)。如果黑猩猩是成年人，它们更有可能使用工具，生活在研究机构，如果NOTMR,是女性。筑巢的最佳模型包括设施类型和饲养（χ2（3）=205.71，p＆lt;0.001）。如果黑猩猩是MR，如果它们生活在动物园或避难所，它们更有可能筑巢。积极的社会修饰的最佳模型保留了年龄的预测因子，性别,饲养,和设施类型(χ2(6)=102.15，p<0.001)。如果黑猩猩不成熟，它们更有可能进行积极的社会修饰，女性,母亲抚养,住在动物园里.这项研究为美国许多在人类护理下生活的黑猩猩提供了基本的行为概况，并使我们能够确定改善该人群中这些黑猩猩和未来黑猩猩福利的潜在方法。
