Abstract：
BACKGROUND: German-derived ethnicities are one of the largest ethnic groups in Hungary, dating back to the formation of the Kingdom of Hungary, which took place at the beginning of the 11th century. Germans arrived in Hungary in many waves. The most significant immigration wave took place following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in East-Central Europe which closed the 150 year long Ottoman occupation. To date, there are no comprehensive genome-wide studies investigating the genetic makeup of the Danube Swabians. Here we analyzed 47 Danube Swabian samples collected from elderly Swabian individuals living in the Dunaszekcső-Bár area, in Danube side villages of Southwest Hungary. These Swabians, according to self-declaration, did not admix with other ethnic groups for 3-6 succeeding generations. Using Illumina Infinium 720 K Beadchip genotype data, we applied allele frequency-based and haplotype-based genome-wide marker data analyses to investigate the ancestry and genetic composition of the collected Danube Swabian samples.
RESULTS: Haplotype-based analyses like identity by descent segment analysis show that the investigated Danube Swabians possess significant German and other West European ancestry, but their Hungarian ancestry is also prominent. Our results suggest that their main source of ancestry can be traced back to Western Europe, presumably to the region of Germany.
CONCLUSIONS: This is the first analysis of Danube Swabian population samples based on genome-wide autosomal data. Our results establish the basis for conducting further comprehensive research on Danube Swabians and on other German ethnicities of the Carpathian basin, which can help reconstruct their origin, and identify their major archaic genomic patterns.
RESULTS: Haplotype-based analyses like identity by descent segment analysis show that the investigated Danube Swabians possess significant German and other West European ancestry, but their Hungarian ancestry is also prominent. Our results suggest that their main source of ancestry can be traced back to Western Europe, presumably to the region of Germany.
CONCLUSIONS: This is the first analysis of Danube Swabian population samples based on genome-wide autosomal data. Our results establish the basis for conducting further comprehensive research on Danube Swabians and on other German ethnicities of the Carpathian basin, which can help reconstruct their origin, and identify their major archaic genomic patterns.
摘要：
背景：德国衍生的种族是匈牙利最大的种族之一，追溯到匈牙利王国的形成，发生在11世纪初。德国人多次到达匈牙利。最重要的移民浪潮发生在中欧东部的奥斯曼帝国崩溃之后，该帝国结束了长达150年的奥斯曼帝国占领。迄今为止,没有全面的全基因组研究调查多瑙河斯瓦比亚人的遗传组成。在这里，我们分析了从居住在Dunaszekcs_Bár地区的老年Swabian个体收集的47个多瑙河Swabian样本，在匈牙利西南部多瑙河边的村庄。这些斯瓦比亚人,根据自我声明，连续3-6代没有与其他种族混合。使用IlluminaInfinium720KBeadchip基因型数据，我们应用基于等位基因频率和基于单倍型的全基因组标记数据分析来调查收集的多瑙河斯瓦比人样本的祖先和遗传组成.
结果：基于单倍型的分析，例如通过血统段分析的身份，表明被调查的多瑙河斯瓦比人拥有重要的德国和其他西欧血统，但他们的匈牙利血统也很突出.我们的结果表明，它们的主要祖先可以追溯到西欧，大概是德国地区。
结论：这是基于全基因组常染色体数据的多瑙河斯瓦比人群体样本的首次分析。我们的结果为进一步全面研究多瑙河斯瓦比亚人和喀尔巴西亚盆地的其他德国种族奠定了基础，可以帮助重建它们的起源，并确定它们的主要古老基因组模式。
结果：基于单倍型的分析，例如通过血统段分析的身份，表明被调查的多瑙河斯瓦比人拥有重要的德国和其他西欧血统，但他们的匈牙利血统也很突出.我们的结果表明，它们的主要祖先可以追溯到西欧，大概是德国地区。
结论：这是基于全基因组常染色体数据的多瑙河斯瓦比人群体样本的首次分析。我们的结果为进一步全面研究多瑙河斯瓦比亚人和喀尔巴西亚盆地的其他德国种族奠定了基础，可以帮助重建它们的起源，并确定它们的主要古老基因组模式。
