Abstract：
Influenza virus is the pathogen of influenza (flu) and millions of people suffer from the infection worldwide, posing a significant health risk. The current influenza vaccines induce neutralizing antibodies against hemagglutinin (HA) to achieve strain-specific neutralization. The effectiveness of seasonal vaccines is usually low and unpredictable because of the antigenic variation and genetic plasticity of viruses, as well as the interference of preexisting immunity. A universal influenza vaccine is urgently needed to prevent a wide variety of influenza viruses. Nevertheless, reaching this difficult optimal goal requires a step-by-step approach. Innovative strategies and vaccine platforms are being developed in order to generate robust cross-protective immunity. In this review, we summarize candidate influenza vaccines that meet two criteria: first, they are designed to provide protection against multiple influenza viruses; second, they had passed regulatory evaluations and have entered various stages of clinical trials. We discuss these vaccine candidates based on the different vaccine-production platforms, with the focus on antigen selection, design, adjuvants, immunomodulators, and routes of vaccine delivery in the development of universal influenza vaccines.
摘要：
流感病毒是流感（流感）的病原体，全世界有数百万人遭受这种感染，构成重大健康风险。目前的流感疫苗诱导针对血凝素(HA)的中和抗体以实现毒株特异性中和。由于病毒的抗原性变异和遗传可塑性,季节性疫苗的效力通常较低,且不可预测,以及预先存在的免疫干扰。迫切需要通用流感疫苗来预防多种流感病毒。然而，达到这个困难的最佳目标需要循序渐进的方法。正在开发创新策略和疫苗平台，以产生强大的交叉保护性免疫。在这次审查中,我们总结了符合两个标准的候选流感疫苗：第一，它们旨在提供针对多种流感病毒的保护；第二，他们已经通过了监管评估，并进入了临床试验的各个阶段。我们基于不同的疫苗生产平台讨论这些候选疫苗，重点是抗原选择，设计,佐剂,免疫调节剂,以及通用流感疫苗开发中的疫苗递送途径。
