Abstract：
Various case descriptions and scoring systems have been used to define neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) and diverse diarrhea-related outcomes are reported, which limits direct comparison between studies. Therefore, the objective of this scoping review was to characterize the case definitions used for NCD and describe diarrhea-related outcomes to inform future efforts towards standardization. A literature search identified articles using 3 databases (Medline, CAB Direct, Agricola), along with Google and Google Scholar. This returned 16,854 unique articles, which were then screened for eligibility by two independent reviewers, resulting in 555 being selected for data extraction. Among articles, the study populations included mostly dairy-breed calves (88%; n = 486) while the remainder evaluated beef, crossbred, or dual purpose beef/dairy calves (10%; n = 53), or did not report breed (3%; n = 16). Studies used between 1 and 8 metrics to define NCD, with 933 unique metrics extracted in total. The most common metric was fecal consistency alone (30%; n = 281), or with at least 1 other metric (26%; n = 241). To define diarrhea, fecal consistency was either described qualitatively (e.g., \"profuse liquid feces\"), or semi-quantitatively, for example using a scoring system that frequently included 4 levels (n = 208). Some NCD case definitions included fecal color, volume, or odor (10%; n = 98), physical exam parameters (8%; n = 79), the duration of abnormal feces (7%; n = 67), the presence of abnormal contents (e.g., blood, 7%; n = 61), farm treatment records (6%; n = 54), fecal dry matter (1%; n = 12), or another metric (4%; n = 41). One or more references were cited for the NCD case definition by 49% of studies (n = 273/555), with the most common references being Larson et al. (1977) (n = 85), and McGuirk (2008) (n = 59). In the 555 included articles, 979 unique diarrhea-related outcomes were found, most commonly a binary categorization of calves having or not having diarrhea (49%; n = 483). Other articles reported statistical outcomes calculated from fecal scores (16%; n = 159), multiple diarrhea severities (10%; n = 95), or the age calves first developed NCD (8%; n = 76). This review characterized substantial heterogeneity among NCD case definitions and diarrhea-related outcomes, which limits interpretation and comparison of studies. Future work is required to develop and validate reporting standards for NCD to optimize knowledge synthesis and support rigorous and ethical calf health research.
摘要：
已使用各种病例描述和评分系统来定义新生儿小牛腹泻（NCD），并报告了各种腹泻相关结局。这限制了研究之间的直接比较。因此,本范围综述的目的是描述用于NCD的病例定义,并描述与腹泻相关的结局,为今后的标准化工作提供信息.文献检索使用3个数据库(Medline，CABDirect,Agricola),以及谷歌和谷歌学者。这返回了16854篇独特的文章，然后由两名独立审查员筛选合格，结果选择555进行数据提取。在文章中，研究人群主要包括乳制品品种的小牛（88％；n=486），而其余的评估牛肉，杂交,或两用牛肉/奶牛(10%；n=53)，或未报告品种(3%；n=16)。使用1到8个指标来定义NCD的研究，总共提取了933个独特的指标。最常见的指标是单独的粪便稠度(30%；n=281)，或至少有1个其他指标(26%；n=241)。定义腹泻,粪便稠度要么被定性地描述(例如，“大量液体粪便”)，或者半定量的，例如，使用经常包含4个级别（n=208）的评分系统。一些非传染性疾病病例定义包括粪便颜色，volume,或气味（10％；n=98），体检参数（8%；n=79），粪便异常的持续时间(7%；n=67)，异常内容的存在(例如，血,7%；n=61)，农场处理记录(6%；n=54)，粪便干物质（1%；n=12），或其他指标(4%；n=41)。49％的研究（n=273/555）引用了NCD病例定义的一个或多个参考文献，最常见的参考文献是Larson等人。（1977）（n=85），和McGuirk(2008)(n=59)。在555篇文章中，发现979个独特的腹泻相关结果，最常见的是对有或没有腹泻的小牛进行二元分类(49%；n=483)。其他文章报道了根据粪便评分计算的统计结果（16％；n=159），多发性腹泻严重程度（10%；n=95），或年龄小牛首先发展为NCD（8％；n=76）。这篇综述描述了非传染性疾病病例定义和腹泻相关结局之间的实质性异质性。这限制了研究的解释和比较。需要未来的工作来制定和验证NCD的报告标准，以优化知识综合并支持严格和道德的小牛健康研究。
