Abstract：
This review is aimed to (i) appraise the literature on the use of molecular techniques for the detection, quantification and differentiation of gastrointestinal helminths (GIH) of equids, (ii) identify the knowledge gaps and, (iii) discuss diagnostic prospects in equine parasitology. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for systematic reviews, we retrieved 54 studies (horses: 50/54; donkeys and zebras: 4/54) from four databases. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed in all of the studies whereas PCR amplicons were sequenced in only 18 of them. Other techniques used (including modifications of PCR) were reverse line blot, quantitative (q)PCR, restriction fragment length polymorphism, nested-PCR, PCR-directed next-generation sequencing, Southern blotting, single strand conformation polymorphism, PCR-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight and random amplification of polymorphic DNA. Most of the studies (53/54) used nuclear ribosomal RNA (including the internal transcribed spacers, intergenic spacer, 5.8 S, 18 S, 28 S and 12 S) as target loci while cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and random genomic regions were targeted in only three and one studies, respectively. Overall, to date, the majority of molecular studies have focused on the diagnosis and identification of GIHs of equids (i.e. species of Anoplocephala, Craterostomum, cyathostomins, Oesophagodontus, Parascaris, Strongylus, Strongyloides and Triodontophorus), with a recent shift towards investigations on anthelmintic resistance and the use of high-throughput nemabiome metabarcoding. With the increasing reports of anthelmintic resistance in equid GIHs, it is crucial to develop and apply techniques such as advanced metabarcoding for surveillance of parasite populations in order to gain detailed insights into their diversity and sustainable control. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review that evaluates molecular investigations published on the diagnosis and quantification of equid GIHs and provides useful insights into important knowledge gaps and future research directions in equid molecular parasitology.
摘要：
这篇综述旨在（i）评估有关使用分子技术进行检测的文献，动物的胃肠蠕虫（GIH）的定量和分化，(二)确定知识差距，(iii)讨论马寄生虫学的诊断前景。遵循系统评价和荟萃分析（PRISMA）指南的首选报告项目，我们从四个数据库中检索了54项研究（马：50/54;驴和斑马：4/54）。在所有研究中都采用了聚合酶链反应（PCR），而其中只有18个对PCR扩增子进行了测序。使用的其他技术（包括PCR的修改）是反向线印迹，定量（q）PCR，限制性片段长度多态性，巢式PCR，PCR指导的下一代测序，南方印迹,单链构象多态性，PCR-酶联免疫吸附测定,基质辅助激光解吸/电离-飞行时间和多态性DNA的随机扩增。大多数研究（53/54）使用核核糖体RNA（包括内部转录的间隔区，基因间间隔区，5.8S,18S,28S和12S）作为靶基因座，而细胞色素c氧化酶亚基1和随机基因组区域仅在三项和一项研究中被靶向，分别。总的来说,到目前为止,大多数分子研究都集中在马科动物的GIHs的诊断和鉴定(即无头孢物种，造口,cyathostomins,食道,Parascaris,Strongylus,类圆线虫和三齿龙），随着最近对驱虫药抗性和高通量线虫代谢编码的研究转向。随着同种GIHs驱虫抗性的报道越来越多，开发和应用先进的代谢编码等技术来监测寄生虫种群是至关重要的，以便获得对其多样性和可持续控制的详细见解。据我们所知,这是首次系统性综述,旨在评价发表的关于共病GIHs诊断和定量的分子研究,并为共病分子寄生虫学的重要知识空白和未来研究方向提供有用的见解.
