Abstract：
Water-diesel emulsion fuel has been found as a prominent alternative fuel by various researchers. Alike this technology, cow-urine (Bos indicus urine) emulsified diesel fuel (GMD emulsion) has been explored in this study. Making of homogeneous and stable emulsion is a crucial aspect in this approach while maintaining the diesel standards. Hence, the applicability of this fuel has been examined based on physicochemical properties for diesel engine application. The stability was assessed by creaming index, droplet size, Pdi, and interfacial tension. The minimum droplet size (278 nm) and 0.282 Pdi was obtained with 5.72 HLB value, 4% (v/v) surfactant, and 10% (v/v) of cow-urine through ultra-sonication. The optimized 10% GMD emulsion was found stable for more than 80 days. Viscosity and density of the fuel got increased with cow-urine and surfactant; however, they found within the standard limits. The physicochemical analysis exhibited the feasibility of the GMD emulsion for diesel engine application.
摘要：
各种研究人员已经发现水-柴油乳液燃料是一种突出的替代燃料。喜欢这项技术，本研究探索了牛尿（Bosindicus尿液）乳化柴油（GMD乳液）。制备均匀且稳定的乳液是该方法中的关键方面,同时保持柴油标准。因此，该燃料的适用性已根据柴油机应用的物理化学性质进行了研究。通过乳化指数评估稳定性，液滴大小,Pdi,和界面张力。得到最小液滴尺寸(278nm)和0.282Pdi,HLB值为5.72,4%(v/v)表面活性剂,和10％（v/v）的牛尿通过超声处理。发现优化的10%GMD乳液稳定超过80天。燃料的粘度和密度随着牛尿和表面活性剂的增加而增加；然而，他们发现在标准限度内。理化分析表明GMD乳液在柴油机上的应用是可行的。
