PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Deep tissue noninvasive high-resolution imaging with light is challenging due to the high degree of light absorption and scattering in biological tissue. Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) can overcome some of the challenges of pure optical or ultrasound imaging to provide high-resolution deep tissue imaging. However, label-free PAI signals from light absorbing chromophores within the tissue are nonspecific. The use of exogeneous contrast agents (probes) not only enhances the imaging contrast (and imaging depth) but also increases the specificity of PAI by binding only to targeted molecules and often providing signals distinct from the background.
We aim to review the current development and future progression of photoacoustic molecular probes/contrast agents.
First, PAI and the need for using contrast agents are briefly introduced. Then, the recent development of contrast agents in terms of materials used to construct them is discussed. Then, various probes are discussed based on targeting mechanisms, in vivo molecular imaging applications, multimodal uses, and use in theranostic applications.
Material combinations are being used to develop highly specific contrast agents. In addition to passive accumulation, probes utilizing activation mechanisms show promise for greater controllability. Several probes also enable concurrent multimodal use with fluorescence, ultrasound, Raman, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography. Finally, targeted probes are also shown to aid localized and molecularly specific photo-induced therapy.
The development of contrast agents provides a promising prospect for increased contrast, higher imaging depth, and molecularly specific information. Of note are agents that allow for controlled activation, explore other optical windows, and enable multimodal use to overcome some of the shortcomings of label-free PAI.
We aim to review the current development and future progression of photoacoustic molecular probes/contrast agents.
First, PAI and the need for using contrast agents are briefly introduced. Then, the recent development of contrast agents in terms of materials used to construct them is discussed. Then, various probes are discussed based on targeting mechanisms, in vivo molecular imaging applications, multimodal uses, and use in theranostic applications.
Material combinations are being used to develop highly specific contrast agents. In addition to passive accumulation, probes utilizing activation mechanisms show promise for greater controllability. Several probes also enable concurrent multimodal use with fluorescence, ultrasound, Raman, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography. Finally, targeted probes are also shown to aid localized and molecularly specific photo-induced therapy.
The development of contrast agents provides a promising prospect for increased contrast, higher imaging depth, and molecularly specific information. Of note are agents that allow for controlled activation, explore other optical windows, and enable multimodal use to overcome some of the shortcomings of label-free PAI.
摘要：
由于生物组织中的高度光吸收和散射，用光进行深层组织非侵入性高分辨率成像具有挑战性。光声成像（PAI）可以克服纯光学或超声成像的一些挑战，以提供高分辨率的深层组织成像。然而,来自组织内光吸收发色团的无标记PAI信号是非特异性的。外源造影剂(探针)的使用不仅增强了成像对比度(和成像深度),而且通过仅与靶向分子结合并且通常提供不同于背景的信号来增加PAI的特异性。
我们旨在回顾光声分子探针/造影剂的当前发展和未来进展。
首先，简要介绍了PAI和使用造影剂的必要性。然后，讨论了造影剂在构建材料方面的最新发展。然后，基于靶向机制讨论了各种探针，体内分子成像应用，多模式用途，并用于治疗应用。
材料组合被用于开发高度特异性的造影剂。除了被动积累，利用激活机制的探针显示出更大的可控性。几种探针还可以与荧光同时进行多峰使用，超声，拉曼,磁共振成像，和计算机断层扫描。最后,还显示靶向探针有助于局部和分子特异性光诱导治疗。
造影剂的发展为增加对比度提供了一个有希望的前景，更高的成像深度，和分子特异性信息。值得注意的是允许受控激活的试剂，探索其他光学窗口，并实现多模式使用，以克服无标签PAI的一些缺点。
我们旨在回顾光声分子探针/造影剂的当前发展和未来进展。
首先，简要介绍了PAI和使用造影剂的必要性。然后，讨论了造影剂在构建材料方面的最新发展。然后，基于靶向机制讨论了各种探针，体内分子成像应用，多模式用途，并用于治疗应用。
材料组合被用于开发高度特异性的造影剂。除了被动积累，利用激活机制的探针显示出更大的可控性。几种探针还可以与荧光同时进行多峰使用，超声，拉曼,磁共振成像，和计算机断层扫描。最后,还显示靶向探针有助于局部和分子特异性光诱导治疗。
造影剂的发展为增加对比度提供了一个有希望的前景，更高的成像深度，和分子特异性信息。值得注意的是允许受控激活的试剂，探索其他光学窗口，并实现多模式使用，以克服无标签PAI的一些缺点。
