PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Measures of small area deprivation have played a major role in targeting resources in the UK. The English Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) is the official measure of small area deprivation in England and it has been used to allocate billions of pounds of government money. The success of schemes to reduce deprivation can only be assessed by measuring changes in deprivation over time. In addition, the effect of such schemes is likely to be a partly a function of the deprivation history of an area. More generally, the trajectory of deprivation, and not just its current state, is important in understanding the likely impacts of deprivation on those who live in deprived areas. This paper combines the strengths of the IMD as a broad-ranging measure based on administrative data (here, using the 2004, 2007, 2010, 2015 and 2019 indices) and the Townsend score derived from Census data for a much longer time period (1971 to 2011). In addition, benefit claimant count data are used as a proxy for unemployment following the national Covid-19 lockdowns. The paper identifies some major trends in small area deprivation and unemployment over the period 1971 to 2020 and it highlights some key similarities and differences between the Townsend score and the IMD and makes links to changes in unemployment in 2020. Areas with very long term deprivation are identified and the strong association between job losses following Covid-19 lockdown and deprivation histories is demonstrated. The analyses are used to argue that deprivation trajectories should be considered if effective strategies for reducing spatial inequalities are to be developed.
摘要：
小面积剥夺的措施在针对英国的资源方面发挥了重要作用。英国多重剥夺指数（IMD）是英格兰小面积剥夺的官方衡量标准，已被用于分配数十亿英镑的政府资金。减少剥夺计划的成功只能通过衡量剥夺随时间的变化来评估。此外,这种计划的影响可能部分是一个地区剥夺历史的函数。更一般地说,剥夺的轨迹，不仅仅是它目前的状态，对于了解贫困对生活在贫困地区的人的可能影响很重要。本文结合了IMD的优势，作为基于行政数据的广泛措施(这里，使用2004年，2007年，2010年，2015年和2019年的指数）和从人口普查数据得出的汤森德得分更长的时间（1971年至2011年）。此外,福利申索人的人数数据被用作全国新冠肺炎封锁后失业率的代表。本文确定了1971年至2020年期间小区域贫困和失业的一些主要趋势，并强调了汤森德得分和IMD之间的一些关键异同，并与2020年的失业率变化联系起来。确定了长期被剥夺的地区，并证明了新冠肺炎封锁后的失业与剥夺历史之间的紧密联系。分析用于论证，如果要制定减少空间不平等的有效策略，则应考虑剥夺轨迹。
