Abstract：
Safe drinking water is a fundamental human right, yet more than 785 million people do not have access to it. The burden of water management disproportionately falls on women and young girls, and they suffer the health, psychosocial, political, educational, and economic effects. While water conditions and disease outcomes have been widely studied, few studies have summarized the research on drinking water and implications for gender equity and empowerment (GEE).
A systematic review of primary literature published between 1980 and 2019 was conducted on drinking water exposures and management and the implications for GEE. Ten databases were utilized (EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, ProQuest, Campbell, the British Library for Development Studies, SSRN, 3ie International Initiative for Impact Evaluation, and clinicaltrials.gov). Drinking water studies with an all-female cohort or disaggregated findings according to gender were included.
A total of 1280 studies were included. GEE outcomes were summarized in five areas: health, psychosocial stress, political power and decision-making, social-educational conditions, and economic and time-use conditions. Water quality exposures and implications for women\'s health dominated the literature reviewed. Women experienced higher rates of bladder cancer when exposed to arsenic, trihalomethanes, and chlorine in drinking water and higher rates of breast cancer due to arsenic, trichloroethylene, and disinfection byproducts in drinking water, compared to men. Women that were exposed to arsenic experienced higher incidence rates of anemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes compared to those that were not exposed. Water-related skin diseases were associated with increased levels of psychosocial stress and social ostracization among women. Women had fewer decision-making responsibilities, economic independence, and employment opportunities around water compared to men.
This systematic review confirms the interconnected nature of gender and WaSH outcomes. With growing attention directed towards gender equity and empowerment within WaSH, this analysis provides key insights to inform future research and policy.
A systematic review of primary literature published between 1980 and 2019 was conducted on drinking water exposures and management and the implications for GEE. Ten databases were utilized (EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, ProQuest, Campbell, the British Library for Development Studies, SSRN, 3ie International Initiative for Impact Evaluation, and clinicaltrials.gov). Drinking water studies with an all-female cohort or disaggregated findings according to gender were included.
A total of 1280 studies were included. GEE outcomes were summarized in five areas: health, psychosocial stress, political power and decision-making, social-educational conditions, and economic and time-use conditions. Water quality exposures and implications for women\'s health dominated the literature reviewed. Women experienced higher rates of bladder cancer when exposed to arsenic, trihalomethanes, and chlorine in drinking water and higher rates of breast cancer due to arsenic, trichloroethylene, and disinfection byproducts in drinking water, compared to men. Women that were exposed to arsenic experienced higher incidence rates of anemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes compared to those that were not exposed. Water-related skin diseases were associated with increased levels of psychosocial stress and social ostracization among women. Women had fewer decision-making responsibilities, economic independence, and employment opportunities around water compared to men.
This systematic review confirms the interconnected nature of gender and WaSH outcomes. With growing attention directed towards gender equity and empowerment within WaSH, this analysis provides key insights to inform future research and policy.
摘要：
安全饮水是一项基本人权,然而，超过7.85亿人无法使用它。水管理的负担不成比例地落在妇女和年轻女孩身上，他们遭受健康，社会心理,政治,教育,和经济影响。虽然水条件和疾病的结果已经被广泛研究，很少有研究总结了有关饮用水的研究以及对性别平等和赋权（GEE）的影响。
对1980年至2019年之间发表的有关饮用水暴露和管理以及对GEE的影响的主要文献进行了系统回顾。利用了十个数据库(EMBASE，PubMed,WebofScience,科克伦,ProQuest,坎贝尔,大英发展研究图书馆,SSRN,3ie国际影响评估倡议，和clinicaltrials.gov）。包括全女性队列的饮用水研究或按性别分类的发现。
共纳入1280项研究。GEE结果总结在五个方面：健康，心理社会压力,政治权力和决策，社会教育条件，以及经济和时间使用条件。水质暴露及其对女性健康的影响主导了文献综述。女性暴露于砷时膀胱癌的发病率更高，三卤甲烷,饮用水中的氯和砷导致的乳腺癌发病率更高，三氯乙烯,饮用水中的消毒副产物，与男人相比。与未接触砷的妇女相比，暴露于砷的妇女贫血和不良妊娠结局的发生率更高。与水有关的皮肤病与女性的心理社会压力和社会排斥水平增加有关。妇女的决策责任较少，经济独立,与男性相比，水周围的就业机会。
本系统评价证实了性别和WaSH结果的相互联系。随着WSH内部对性别平等和赋权的日益关注，这项分析提供了关键的见解，为未来的研究和政策提供信息。
对1980年至2019年之间发表的有关饮用水暴露和管理以及对GEE的影响的主要文献进行了系统回顾。利用了十个数据库(EMBASE，PubMed,WebofScience,科克伦,ProQuest,坎贝尔,大英发展研究图书馆,SSRN,3ie国际影响评估倡议，和clinicaltrials.gov）。包括全女性队列的饮用水研究或按性别分类的发现。
共纳入1280项研究。GEE结果总结在五个方面：健康，心理社会压力,政治权力和决策，社会教育条件，以及经济和时间使用条件。水质暴露及其对女性健康的影响主导了文献综述。女性暴露于砷时膀胱癌的发病率更高，三卤甲烷,饮用水中的氯和砷导致的乳腺癌发病率更高，三氯乙烯,饮用水中的消毒副产物，与男人相比。与未接触砷的妇女相比，暴露于砷的妇女贫血和不良妊娠结局的发生率更高。与水有关的皮肤病与女性的心理社会压力和社会排斥水平增加有关。妇女的决策责任较少，经济独立,与男性相比，水周围的就业机会。
本系统评价证实了性别和WaSH结果的相互联系。随着WSH内部对性别平等和赋权的日益关注，这项分析提供了关键的见解，为未来的研究和政策提供信息。
