Abstract：
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurological disorder that manifests during early development, impacting individuals through their ways of communicating, social behaviors, and their ability to perform day-to-day activities. There have been different proposed mechanisms on how ASD precipitates within a patient, one of which being the impact cytokines have on fetal development once a mother\'s immune system has been activated (referred to as maternal immune activation, MIA). The occurrence of ASD has long been associated with elevated levels of several cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ). These proinflammatory cytokines can achieve high systemic levels in response to immune activating pathogens from various extrinsic sources. Transfer of cytokines such as IL-6 across the placental barrier allows accumulation in the fetus, potentially inducing neuroinflammation and consequently altering neurodevelopmental processes. Individuals who have been later diagnosed with ASD have been observed to have elevated levels of IL-6 and other proinflammatory cytokines during gestation. Moreover, the outcome of MIA has been associated with neurological effects such as impaired social interaction and an increase in repetitive behavior in animal models, supporting a mechanistic link between gestational inflammation and development of ASD-like characteristics. The present review attempts to provide a concise overview of the available preclinical and clinical data that suggest cross-talk between IL-6 and IFN-γ through both extrinsic and intrinsic factors as a central mechanism of MIA that may promote the development of ASD.
摘要：
自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）是一种神经系统疾病，在早期发育过程中表现出来，通过他们的沟通方式影响个人，社会行为,以及他们进行日常活动的能力。关于ASD如何在患者体内沉淀，已经提出了不同的机制，其中之一是一旦母亲的免疫系统被激活（称为母体免疫激活，细胞因子对胎儿发育的影响，MIA）。ASD的发生长期以来与几种细胞因子的水平升高有关，包括白细胞介素-6（IL-6）和干扰素γ（IFN-γ）。这些促炎细胞因子可以响应于来自各种外在来源的免疫活化病原体而实现高的全身水平。细胞因子如IL-6穿过胎盘屏障的转移允许在胎儿中积累，可能诱导神经炎症，从而改变神经发育过程。已经观察到后来被诊断患有ASD的个体在妊娠期间具有升高的IL-6和其他促炎细胞因子水平。此外，MIA的结果与神经系统的影响有关，如社会交往受损和动物模型中重复行为的增加，支持妊娠期炎症与ASD样特征发展之间的机制联系。本综述试图提供可用的临床前和临床数据的简要概述，这些数据表明IL-6和IFN-γ之间通过外在和内在因素的串扰是MIA的中心机制，可能促进ASD的发展。
