Abstract：
Grape pomace (GP) represents a very reliable source of polyphenols because it could be found globally as a remnant of the wine industry. During the winemaking process, two types of GP are generated: red GP and white GP, according to the produced wine, red or white. Grape pomace represents a viable source of polyphenols, mainly flavanols, procyanidins anthocyanins, and resveratrol which possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Multiple differences were observed between red and white GP in terms of their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Although most studies are focused on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of red grape pomace, there are still many variables that need to be taken into consideration, as well as extensive study of the white GP. It was observed that in both in vitro and in vivo studies, the GP polyphenols have a direct antioxidant activity by acting as a free radical scavenger or donating a hydrogen atom. It also possesses an indirect antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity by reducing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF- κβ), and inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta (Iκκβ) levels or nitrate oxide-4 (NOX4) expression and by increasing the levels of antioxidants enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) glutathione reductase (GRx) and glutathione peroxidase(GPx). Besides these activities, many beneficial effects in ischemic heart diseases were also observed, such as the maintenance of the ventricular function as close as possible to normal, and the prevention of infarcted area extension. In this context, this review intends to present the actual knowledge of grape pomace\'s potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in ischemic heart disease, knowledge gathered from existing in vitro and in vivo studies focused on this.
摘要：
葡萄果渣（GP）是一种非常可靠的多酚来源，因为它可以作为葡萄酒行业的残留物在全球范围内找到。在酿酒过程中,生成两种类型的GP：红色GP和白色GP，根据生产的葡萄酒，红色或白色。葡萄果渣代表了多酚的可行来源，主要是黄烷醇,原花青素花色苷，和白藜芦醇具有抗氧化和抗炎活性。在体外和体内研究中，红色和白色GP在其抗氧化和抗炎活性方面观察到多种差异。尽管大多数研究都集中在红葡萄果渣的抗氧化和抗炎作用上，仍然有许多变量需要考虑，以及对白色GP的广泛研究。观察到，在体外和体内研究中，GP多酚通过充当自由基清除剂或提供氢原子而具有直接的抗氧化活性。通过减少线粒体活性氧（ROS）的产生，它还具有间接的抗氧化和抗炎活性。丙二醛（MDA），肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α），白细胞介素-1-β（IL-1β），白细胞介素-6（IL-6），核因子κ-活化B细胞的轻链增强子（NF-κβ），和核因子κB激酶亚基β（Iκκβ）水平或一氧化氮4（NOX4）表达的抑制剂，以及通过增加抗氧化剂酶如超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的水平，过氧化氢酶(CAT)谷胱甘肽还原酶(GRx)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)。除了这些活动,在缺血性心脏病中也观察到许多有益的作用，例如维持心室功能尽可能接近正常，预防梗死面积扩大。在这种情况下，这篇综述旨在介绍葡萄果渣在缺血性心脏病中潜在的抗氧化和抗炎活性方面的实际知识，从现有的体外和体内研究中收集的知识集中在这一点上。
