Abstract：
How novel traits originate in evolution is still one of the most perplexing questions in Evolutionary Biology. Building on a previous account of evolutionary innovation, I here propose that evolutionary novelties are those individualized characters that are not homologous to any characters in the ancestor. To clarify this definition, I here provide a detailed analysis of the concepts of \"character individuality\" and \"homology\" first, before addressing their role for our understanding of evolutionary innovation. I will argue (1) that functional as well as structural considerations are important for character individualization; and (2) that compositional (structural) and positional homology need to be clearly distinguished to properly describe the evolutionary transformations of hierarchically structured characters. My account will therefore integrate functional and structural perspectives and put forward a new multi-level view of character identity and transformation.
摘要：
新特征如何起源于进化仍然是进化生物学中最令人困惑的问题之一。基于先前对进化创新的描述，我在这里提出，进化新奇是那些与祖先中的任何字符都不同源的个性化字符。为了澄清这个定义，我在这里首先详细分析了“性格个性”和“同源性”的概念，在解决它们对我们理解进化创新的作用之前。我将认为（1）功能和结构方面的考虑对于角色个性化很重要；（2）需要明确区分组成（结构）和位置同源性，以正确描述层次结构角色的进化转换。因此，我的帐户将整合功能和结构的观点，并提出了新的角色身份和转换的多层次观点。
