Abstract：
Anthracnose of olive fruit caused by Colletotrichum acutatum was a severe epidemic disease in Pakistan that occurred in September 2020. The estimated disease incident was recorded as 59%. Anthracnose causes a significant reduction in yield and quality traits. Anthracnose has been found in several orchards. Agricultural practices, environmental factors, and disease aggressiveness vary between orchards. Therefore, we looked at spore size, cultural traits, morphological variation, growth pattern, and pathogenicity of different strains of C. acutatum from various orchards. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis confirmed the isolated strains as C. acutatum. In all, 15 C. acutatum isolates from olive orchards were tested for susceptibility to four commercial fungicides (P < 0.001). The examined isolates\' in vitro fungicide sensitivity varied with fungicide concentration. The concentration at which conidial germination was hindered by 50% compared with the control values was observed for difenoconazole, tebuconazole, carbendazim, and cyprodinil, ranging from 0.12 to 2.69 g ml-1. Based on the findings of the fungal growth inhibition studies, carbendazim has been found to be the only fungicide that effectively reduces (P < 0.001) anthracnose caused by C. acutatum strains. Additionally, results revealed that preharvest site treatments of different fungicides greatly decreased anthracnose infections on olive fruit (70 to 90%), and postharvest site applications significantly reduced disease prevalence and severity (75 to 95%). The fungicide carbendazim significantly decreased pre- and postharvest anthracnose infection on olive cultivars. This study suggests that the latter compound might be used to control olive anthracnose in Pakistan while lowering environmental impact and fungicide resistance.
摘要：
由炭疽病引起的橄榄果实炭疽病在巴基斯坦是一种严重的流行病，发生于2020年9月。估计的疾病事件记录为59%。炭疽病会导致产量和品质性状的显着降低。在几个果园中发现了炭疽病。农业实践,环境因素,果园之间的疾病侵袭性不同。所以,我们看了孢子大小，文化特质,形态变异，增长模式,来自不同果园的不同菌株的致病性。分子和系统发育分析证实了分离的菌株为炭疽菌。测试了来自橄榄果园的15株针叶树分离株对四种商业杀真菌剂的敏感性(P<0.001)。所检查的分离株的体外杀菌剂敏感性随杀菌剂浓度而变化。观察到苯醚环唑的EC50（有效浓度）值，戊唑醇,多菌灵,和Cyprodinil,范围从0.12到2.69gmL-1。根据真菌生长抑制研究的结果，已发现多菌灵仅是有效减少（P<0.001）由C.acutatum菌株引起的炭疽病的杀菌剂。此外,结果表明，不同杀菌剂的采前处理大大减少了橄榄果实炭疽病的感染（70-90％），收获后的现场应用显着降低了疾病的患病率和严重程度（75-95％）。杀菌剂多菌灵可显着降低橄榄品种收获前后炭疽病的感染。这项研究表明，后一种化合物可用于控制巴基斯坦的橄榄炭疽病，同时降低环境影响和杀菌剂抗性。
