Abstract：
Among mammals, the order Primates is exceptional in having a high taxonomic richness in which the taxa are arboreal, semiterrestrial, or terrestrial. Although habitual terrestriality is pervasive among the apes and African and Asian monkeys (catarrhines), it is largely absent among monkeys of the Americas (platyrrhines), as well as galagos, lemurs, and lorises (strepsirrhines), which are mostly arboreal. Numerous ecological drivers and species-specific factors are suggested to set the conditions for an evolutionary shift from arboreality to terrestriality, and current environmental conditions may provide analogous scenarios to those transitional periods. Therefore, we investigated predominantly arboreal, diurnal primate genera from the Americas and Madagascar that lack fully terrestrial taxa, to determine whether ecological drivers (habitat canopy cover, predation risk, maximum temperature, precipitation, primate species richness, human population density, and distance to roads) or species-specific traits (body mass, group size, and degree of frugivory) associate with increased terrestriality. We collated 150,961 observation hours across 2,227 months from 47 species at 20 sites in Madagascar and 48 sites in the Americas. Multiple factors were associated with ground use in these otherwise arboreal species, including increased temperature, a decrease in canopy cover, a dietary shift away from frugivory, and larger group size. These factors mostly explain intraspecific differences in terrestriality. As humanity modifies habitats and causes climate change, our results suggest that species already inhabiting hot, sparsely canopied sites, and exhibiting more generalized diets, are more likely to shift toward greater ground use.
摘要：
在哺乳动物中,灵长类动物的分类丰富度很高，其中类群是树栖的，半星，或陆地。尽管在类人猿，非洲和亚洲猴子（卡他林）中习惯性的陆地现象普遍存在，它在美洲的猴子（platyrhines）中基本上不存在，以及加拉戈斯,狐猴,和lorises（链球菌），大多是树栖的。提出了许多生态驱动因素和特定物种的因素，为从树栖到陆地的进化转变设定了条件。和当前的环境条件可能提供类似的情景，这些过渡期。因此,我们主要调查树栖动物，来自美洲和马达加斯加的昼夜灵长类动物属，缺乏完全陆生的分类单元，确定生态驱动因素(栖息地冠层覆盖，捕食风险，最高温度,降水,灵长类物种丰富度，人口密度，和到道路的距离)或特定物种的特征(体重，组大小,节俭的程度）与增加的陆地联系在一起。我们整理了马达加斯加20个地点和美洲48个地点的47个物种在2,227个月中的150,961个观测小时。在这些其他树栖物种中，多种因素与地面使用有关，包括温度升高,雨篷罩的减少，从节俭的饮食转变，和更大的群体规模。这些因素主要解释了陆地的种内差异。随着人类改变栖息地并导致气候变化，我们的结果表明，已经居住在炎热的物种，稀疏树冠的地方，表现出更广泛的饮食，更有可能转向更大的地面使用。
