Abstract：
Pregnancy success represents a major issue for the economic income of cattle breeders. Early detection of pregnant and non-pregnant animals, as well as the prediction of early pregnancy failure, can influence farm management decisions. Several diagnostic tools for pregnancy are currently available. Among these, pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) have been shown to be useful for identifying the presence of vital embryos and for pregnancy follow-up monitoring. This review presents an overview of the PAGs\' functions, their pregnancy trends, and their use as a tool to improve reproductive management in bovine and other dairy livestock, such as small ruminants and buffalos.
摘要：
怀孕成功是养牛者经济收入的主要问题。及早发现怀孕和非怀孕动物，以及早期妊娠失败的预测，会影响农场管理决策。目前有几种妊娠诊断工具。其中,妊娠相关糖蛋白(PAG)已被证明可用于确定重要胚胎的存在和妊娠随访监测.这篇综述概述了PAG的功能，他们的怀孕趋势，以及将其用作改善牛和其他乳牛的生殖管理的工具，如小反刍动物和水牛。
