PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
The optimal management of flexible loads and generation sources such as battery storage systems in buildings is often concerned with minimizing electricity costs. There is an increasing need to managed flexible resources in a way that minimises both costs and carbon emissions. Minimising emissions of grid consumed electricity requires quantification of the carbon emissions intensity of the electricity grid, so first we develop a real-time emission intensity model of the Australian National Energy Market using a power-flow tracing approach. This model reveals that electricity price signals currently do not drive consumers toward using electricity at times of lower emissions. For example, the mean and peak emissions intensity during low electricity tariff periods are the same or slightly higher than those during high tariff periods, while the 30-min wholesale electricity price in each region has no significant correlation with the emissions intensity of electricity consumed in that region. The emissions model is then used to investigate the extent to which controlling a battery storage system to minimise costs under existing electricity tariff structures also leads to minimisation of greenhouse gas emissions for a case study commercial office building. Results show that reducing emissions does indeed come at the expense of increasing costs. For example, annual operating cost savings reduced from 31% to 20% when the battery control was changed from minimising costs to minimising emissions. This has important implications for buildings seeking to reduce emissions as well as for the design of electricity tariffs.
摘要：
建筑物中的灵活负载和发电源（例如电池存储系统）的最佳管理通常与最小化电力成本有关。越来越需要以最大限度地降低成本和碳排放的方式管理灵活的资源。最小化电网消耗电力的排放需要量化电网的碳排放强度，因此，首先我们使用潮流追踪方法开发了澳大利亚国家能源市场的实时排放强度模型。该模型表明，电价信号目前并没有促使消费者在低排放时使用电力。例如,低电价期间的平均排放强度和峰值排放强度与高电价期间的平均排放强度相同或稍高，而每个地区的30分钟批发电价与该地区消耗的电力的排放强度没有显着相关性。然后，使用排放模型来研究在现有电价结构下控制电池存储系统以最大程度地降低成本的程度，也可以使案例研究商业办公楼的温室气体排放最小化。结果表明，减少排放确实是以增加成本为代价的。例如,当电池控制从最小化成本更改为最小化排放时，每年的运营成本节省从31％减少到20％。这对寻求减少排放的建筑物以及电价的设计具有重要意义。
