Abstract：
Rising global populations have amplified food scarcity across the world and ushered in the development of genetically modified (GM) crops to overcome these challenges. Cultivation of major crops such as corn and soy has favoured GM crops over conventional varieties to meet crop production and resilience needs. Modern GM crops containing small interference RNA molecules and antibiotic resistance genes have become increasingly common in the United States. However, the use of these crops remains controversial due to the uncertainty regarding the unintended release of its genetic material into the environment and possible downstream effects on human and environmental health. DNA or RNA transgenes may be exuded from crop tissues during cultivation or released during plant decomposition and adsorbed by soil. This can contribute to the persistence and bioavailability in soil or water environment and possible uptake by soil microbial communities and further passing of this information to neighbouring bacteria, disrupting microbial ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling and soil fertility. In this review, transgene mechanisms of action, uses in crops, and knowledge regarding their environmental fate and impact to microbes are evaluated. This aims to encapsulate the current knowledge and promote further research regarding unintended effects transgenes may cause.
摘要：
全球人口的增加加剧了世界各地的粮食短缺，并迎来了转基因（GM）作物的发展，以克服这些挑战。玉米和大豆等主要作物的种植有利于转基因作物，而不是传统品种，以满足作物生产和抵御能力的需求。含有小干扰RNA分子和抗生素抗性基因的现代转基因作物在美国变得越来越普遍。然而,由于其遗传物质意外释放到环境中以及可能对人类和环境健康的下游影响的不确定性，这些作物的使用仍然存在争议。DNA或RNA转基因可以在栽培期间从作物组织中渗出或在植物分解期间释放并被土壤吸附。这可能有助于土壤或水环境中的持久性和生物利用度，以及土壤微生物群落的可能吸收，并进一步将这些信息传递给邻近的细菌，破坏微生物生态系统服务，如养分循环和土壤肥力。在这次审查中,转基因的作用机制，用于农作物，并评估了有关其环境命运和对微生物影响的知识。这旨在囊括当前的知识，并促进有关转基因可能引起的非预期效应的进一步研究。
