Abstract：
Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] is currently the most widely used herbicide worldwide. Its application in agricultural and urban areas can lead to the dispersion and arrival to aquatic systems causing environmental deterioration with detrimental effects on the inhabiting biota. This is triggered not only by the herbicide per se but also its metabolite aminomethyl-phosphonic acid (AMPA), which can be highly toxic to many aquatic organisms. Water fleas are some of the key components in aquatic food webs, being one of the most sensitive groups to pollutants. Although being often used in standardized toxicity tests, they are comparatively less studied in relation to glyphosate exposition. Here we examine the current scientific literature regarding the acute and sublethal toxicity of glyphosate in the Cladocera taxonomic group, with special comparisons between the active ingredient (A.I) and formulations. Our results document a high variation in the lethal concentrations reported for different cladoceran species, due to the high diversity of products used in the toxicity tests. Most articles accounting for sublethal effects were performed on the standard Daphnia magna species. Reproduction, including decreased fecundity and delayed age of first reproduction, is usually one of the most severely affected individual traits. Although still scarce, studies documenting metabolic and genetic alterations might provide accurate information on the mechanisms of action of the herbicide.
摘要：
草甘膦[N-(膦酰基甲基)甘氨酸]是目前世界上最广泛使用的除草剂。它在农业和城市地区的应用可能导致分散和到达水生系统，导致环境恶化，对居住的生物群产生不利影响。这不仅由除草剂本身引发，而且由其代谢产物氨基甲基膦酸（AMPA）引发，对许多水生生物都有剧毒.水蚤是水生食物网中的一些关键组成部分，是对污染物最敏感的群体之一。尽管经常用于标准化毒性测试，与草甘膦博览会相关的研究相对较少。在这里，我们检查目前的科学文献关于草甘膦的急性和亚致死毒性的Cladocera分类组，与活性成分(A.I)和配方。我们的结果记录了不同锁骨物种报告的致死浓度的高度变化，由于毒性测试中使用的产品多样性高。大多数解释亚致死作用的文章都是在标准大型水蚤物种上进行的。复制,包括繁殖力下降和首次繁殖年龄延迟，通常是受影响最严重的个体特征之一。虽然仍然稀缺，记录代谢和遗传改变的研究可能会提供有关除草剂作用机制的准确信息。
