Abstract：
The present paper provides a comprehensive review of latent extinction. In maze learning situations, latent extinction involves confining an animal to a previously reinforced goal location without food. When returned to the starting position after latent extinction, the animal typically shows a response decrement. Such findings have suggested that latent extinction is sufficient to invoke extinction learning, despite the animal having been prevented from making the original response. The majority of research on latent extinction was conducted between 19491980 and focused on what is being learned during the latent placements. Stimulus-response (S-R) theorists attempted to explain latent extinction via novel S-R mechanisms, namely, the fractional anticipatory response (rG). However, research did not support the role of rG in latent extinction. Cognitive expectancy theorists provided a simpler, more adequate explanation for latent extinction, more consistent with the data. Specifically, latent extinction might instill a change in expectation (i.e., animals learn to expect absence of reinforcement). Evidence also suggests that latent extinction involves place learning mechanisms and is sensitive to modulation via certain experimental factors. More recent work has uncovered some of the neural mechanisms of latent extinction. The hippocampus is critically involved in latent extinction, whereas other brain regions typically implicated in regular \"response extinction\" in the maze, such as the dorsolateral striatum, are not required for latent extinction. Similar to other kinds of learning, latent extinction requires NMDA receptor activity, suggesting the involvement of synaptic plasticity. Consistent with a multiple memory systems perspective, research on latent extinction supports the hypothesis that extinction learning is not a unitary process but rather there are different kinds of extinction learning mediated by distinct neural systems.
摘要：
本文提供了对潜在灭绝的全面回顾。在迷宫学习的情况下，潜在的灭绝包括将动物限制在没有食物的先前强化的目标位置。当潜伏灭绝后回到起始位置时，动物通常表现出反应递减。这样的发现表明，潜在的灭绝足以调用灭绝学习，尽管动物被阻止做出最初的反应。关于潜在灭绝的大部分研究是在19491980年之间进行的，重点是在潜在安置期间学到的东西。刺激反应（S-R）理论家试图通过新的S-R机制解释潜在的灭绝，即,分数预期反应(rG)。然而,研究不支持rG在潜在灭绝中的作用。认知预期理论家提供了一个更简单的，对潜在灭绝的更充分的解释，更符合数据。具体来说,潜在的灭绝可能会灌输一种期望的变化(即，动物学会期望没有强化)。证据还表明，潜在灭绝涉及位置学习机制，并且对某些实验因素的调制敏感。最近的工作发现了一些潜在灭绝的神经机制。海马体严重参与了潜在的灭绝，而其他大脑区域通常与迷宫中的规则“反应灭绝”有关，例如背外侧纹状体，不需要潜在的灭绝。类似于其他类型的学习，潜伏灭绝需要NMDA受体活性，提示突触可塑性的参与。与多内存系统观点一致，关于潜在灭绝的研究支持了这样的假设，即灭绝学习不是一个统一的过程，而是由不同的神经系统介导的不同种类的灭绝学习。
