Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: Ventricular septal defects (VSD) are congenital heart malformations and, in severe cases, they require complex interventions under echocardiography guidance. Heart phantoms can be helpful to train and to understand the complex hemodynamics of VSD. The goal of this study was to characterize the best blood mimicking fluids in such heart phantoms for modelling the hemodynamics of VSD patients using echocardiography.
METHODS: Four fluid compositions were considered. Distilled water was used as a baseline, while the other three fluids were developed based on physical properties of human blood, such as the viscosity and the refractive index. Three bi-ventricular heart phantoms of three different pediatric patients with complex VSD were designed from preoperative CT imaging. Custom molds were printed in 3-D and the anatomical structure was casted in polyvinyl alcohol cryogel. The VSD in each heart phantom were observed using echocardiography and color Doppler imaging was used for the hemodynamic study.
RESULTS: Heart phantoms with blood mimicking fluids of 30% glycerol and 27% glycerol, 10% sodium iodide were found to be anatomically realistic under echocardiography imaging. Hemodynamic parameters such as the pressure gradient and the volume of the shunt were characterized using color Doppler imaging.
CONCLUSIONS: Proper composition of blood mimicking fluids are important for improving the realism in echocardiographic heart phantoms and they contribute to better understand the complex hemodynamic of VSD under echocardiography.
METHODS: Four fluid compositions were considered. Distilled water was used as a baseline, while the other three fluids were developed based on physical properties of human blood, such as the viscosity and the refractive index. Three bi-ventricular heart phantoms of three different pediatric patients with complex VSD were designed from preoperative CT imaging. Custom molds were printed in 3-D and the anatomical structure was casted in polyvinyl alcohol cryogel. The VSD in each heart phantom were observed using echocardiography and color Doppler imaging was used for the hemodynamic study.
RESULTS: Heart phantoms with blood mimicking fluids of 30% glycerol and 27% glycerol, 10% sodium iodide were found to be anatomically realistic under echocardiography imaging. Hemodynamic parameters such as the pressure gradient and the volume of the shunt were characterized using color Doppler imaging.
CONCLUSIONS: Proper composition of blood mimicking fluids are important for improving the realism in echocardiographic heart phantoms and they contribute to better understand the complex hemodynamic of VSD under echocardiography.
摘要：
目的：室间隔缺损（VSD）是先天性心脏畸形，在严重的情况下，它们需要在超声心动图引导下进行复杂的干预.心脏体模有助于训练和理解VSD的复杂血流动力学。这项研究的目的是表征此类心脏模型中最佳的血液模拟流体，以使用超声心动图对VSD患者的血液动力学进行建模。
方法:考虑了四种流体组合物。蒸馏水用作基线，而其他三种液体是根据人体血液的物理性质开发的，如粘度和折射率。根据术前CT成像设计了三名患有复杂VSD的不同儿科患者的三个双心室心脏模型。以3D打印定制模具,并且将解剖结构浇铸在聚乙烯醇冻凝胶中。使用超声心动图观察每个心脏模型中的VSD，并使用彩色多普勒成像进行血流动力学研究。
结果：血液模拟30%甘油和27%甘油的心脏体模，在超声心动图成像下发现10％碘化钠在解剖学上是现实的。使用彩色多普勒成像表征血流动力学参数，例如压力梯度和分流体积。
结论：适当的血液模拟液组成对于提高超声心动图心脏模型的真实感很重要，它们有助于更好地理解超声心动图下VSD的复杂血液动力学。
方法:考虑了四种流体组合物。蒸馏水用作基线，而其他三种液体是根据人体血液的物理性质开发的，如粘度和折射率。根据术前CT成像设计了三名患有复杂VSD的不同儿科患者的三个双心室心脏模型。以3D打印定制模具,并且将解剖结构浇铸在聚乙烯醇冻凝胶中。使用超声心动图观察每个心脏模型中的VSD，并使用彩色多普勒成像进行血流动力学研究。
结果：血液模拟30%甘油和27%甘油的心脏体模，在超声心动图成像下发现10％碘化钠在解剖学上是现实的。使用彩色多普勒成像表征血流动力学参数，例如压力梯度和分流体积。
结论：适当的血液模拟液组成对于提高超声心动图心脏模型的真实感很重要，它们有助于更好地理解超声心动图下VSD的复杂血液动力学。
