Abstract：
Over the last decades, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been found to be implicated in a complex universal mechanism of communication between different cell types. EVs are nanostructures of lipid nature that have an exosomal or ectosomal biogenesis, responsible for the intercellular transport of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, ions, among other molecules. The content of EVs can vary due to various factors such as hormonal stimuli, non-physiological conditions, metabolic state, etc. Once EVs reach their target cell, they can modulate processes such as gene expression, metabolism, response to external factors, and can even be associated with the delivery of molecules involved in epigenetic inheritance processes in germ cells. In mammalian reproduction, EVs have been shown to play an important role, either in vivo or in vitro, modulating a variety of processes in sperm, oocytes and embryos, and in their respective environments. Moreover, EVs represent a biodegradable, harmless and specific vehicle, which makes them attractive allies to consider when improving assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). Therefore, the present review aims to describe the content of the main EVs involved in mammalian reproduction and how they can vary due to different factors, as well as to detail how EVs modulate, directly or indirectly, different molecular processes in gametes and embryos. In addition, we will highlight the mechanisms that remain to be elucidated. We will also propose new perspectives according to the characteristics of each particular EV to improve the different ARTs.
摘要：
在过去的几十年里，已发现细胞外囊泡（EV）与不同细胞类型之间复杂的通用通讯机制有关。EV是脂质性质的纳米结构，具有外泌体或外泌体生物发生，负责蛋白质的细胞间转运，脂质，碳水化合物,核酸,离子,在其他分子中。电动汽车的含量可能会因各种因素而变化，如荷尔蒙刺激、非生理条件，代谢状态，等。一旦电动汽车到达目标细胞，它们可以调节基因表达等过程，新陈代谢，对外部因素的反应，甚至可以与生殖细胞表观遗传过程中涉及的分子的递送有关。在哺乳动物繁殖中，电动汽车已经被证明发挥着重要作用，无论是体内还是体外，调节精子的各种过程，卵母细胞和胚胎，在各自的环境中。此外，电动汽车代表一种可生物降解的，无害和特定的车辆，这使得他们在改进辅助生殖技术(ART)时考虑到有吸引力的盟友。因此,本综述旨在描述参与哺乳动物繁殖的主要电动汽车的内容，以及它们如何因不同的因素而变化，以及详细说明电动汽车是如何调制的，直接或间接,配子和胚胎中不同的分子过程。此外,我们将强调尚待阐明的机制。我们还将根据每种特定EV的特点提出新的观点，以改进不同的ART。
