PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking poses many health risks and can cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular disease, cancer of the lung and other organs. Smokers can substantially reduce their risks of these diseases by quitting, but nicotine addiction makes this difficult. Alternatives, such as electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), may provide a similar dose of nicotine, but expose users to fewer toxic chemicals than traditional cigarettes and may still be harmful especially for dual users, therefore, we sought to develop bioassays that can assess the potential toxicity and inflammatory response induced by e-cigarette liquids (e-liquids) with and without flavors.
METHODS: E-liquids with varying nicotine content and flavors were aerosolized through growth media and exposed to human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B) and human monocyte-macrophage cell line (THP-1) in vitro. Cytotoxicity in response to e-cigarette aerosols was measured by MTT assay in BEAS-2B cells and inflammatory response was measured by TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 released from THP-1 cells. In addition, the oxidative stress marker, REDD1, and impact on phagocytosis, was assessed following exposure of BEAS-2B and THP-1 derived macrophages, respectively. Cigarette smoke extract was used as a positive control with known cytotoxicity and impairment of inflammatory response.
RESULTS: E-cigarette aerosols induced moderate cellular toxicity in bronchial epithelial cells. Our data also show that low nicotine levels are less damaging to the bronchial epithelial cells, and flavors in e-liquids influence the combined inflammatory response markers, phagocytosis, and REDD1 when examined in vitro.
CONCLUSIONS: Our in vitro bioassays can be utilized to effectively measure flavor and nicotine-induced effects of e-cigarettes on combined inflammatory response and cytotoxicity in human macrophages and human bronchial epithelial cells, respectively.
METHODS: E-liquids with varying nicotine content and flavors were aerosolized through growth media and exposed to human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B) and human monocyte-macrophage cell line (THP-1) in vitro. Cytotoxicity in response to e-cigarette aerosols was measured by MTT assay in BEAS-2B cells and inflammatory response was measured by TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 released from THP-1 cells. In addition, the oxidative stress marker, REDD1, and impact on phagocytosis, was assessed following exposure of BEAS-2B and THP-1 derived macrophages, respectively. Cigarette smoke extract was used as a positive control with known cytotoxicity and impairment of inflammatory response.
RESULTS: E-cigarette aerosols induced moderate cellular toxicity in bronchial epithelial cells. Our data also show that low nicotine levels are less damaging to the bronchial epithelial cells, and flavors in e-liquids influence the combined inflammatory response markers, phagocytosis, and REDD1 when examined in vitro.
CONCLUSIONS: Our in vitro bioassays can be utilized to effectively measure flavor and nicotine-induced effects of e-cigarettes on combined inflammatory response and cytotoxicity in human macrophages and human bronchial epithelial cells, respectively.
摘要：
背景：吸烟会带来许多健康风险，并可能导致慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD），心血管疾病,肺癌和其他器官的癌症。吸烟者可以通过戒烟来大大降低这些疾病的风险，但是尼古丁成瘾使这变得困难。Alternatives,例如电子烟（电子烟），可以提供类似剂量的尼古丁，但使用者接触的有毒化学物质比传统香烟少，可能仍然有害，特别是对双重使用者，因此,我们试图开发生物测定，可以评估潜在的毒性和炎症反应的电子烟液体（电子液体）诱导有和没有味道。
方法：通过生长培养基雾化具有不同尼古丁含量和风味的电子液体，并暴露于人支气管上皮细胞系（BEAS-2B）和人单核细胞-巨噬细胞系（THP-1）体外。通过MTT测定法在BEAS-2B细胞中测量对电子烟气溶胶的细胞毒性，并通过TNF-α测量炎症反应，IL-6、IL-8和MCP-1从THP-1细胞释放。此外,氧化应激标志物，REDD1和对吞噬作用的影响，在暴露BEAS-2B和THP-1衍生的巨噬细胞后进行评估，分别。香烟烟雾提取物用作具有已知细胞毒性和炎症反应损害的阳性对照。
结果：电子烟气雾剂在支气管上皮细胞中诱导中度细胞毒性。我们的数据还表明，低尼古丁水平对支气管上皮细胞的损害较小，电子液体中的风味会影响联合的炎症反应标记，吞噬作用,和REDD1在体外检查时。
结论：我们的体外生物测定可用于有效测量电子烟对人巨噬细胞和人支气管上皮细胞的联合炎症反应和细胞毒性的风味和尼古丁诱导的影响，分别。
方法：通过生长培养基雾化具有不同尼古丁含量和风味的电子液体，并暴露于人支气管上皮细胞系（BEAS-2B）和人单核细胞-巨噬细胞系（THP-1）体外。通过MTT测定法在BEAS-2B细胞中测量对电子烟气溶胶的细胞毒性，并通过TNF-α测量炎症反应，IL-6、IL-8和MCP-1从THP-1细胞释放。此外,氧化应激标志物，REDD1和对吞噬作用的影响，在暴露BEAS-2B和THP-1衍生的巨噬细胞后进行评估，分别。香烟烟雾提取物用作具有已知细胞毒性和炎症反应损害的阳性对照。
结果：电子烟气雾剂在支气管上皮细胞中诱导中度细胞毒性。我们的数据还表明，低尼古丁水平对支气管上皮细胞的损害较小，电子液体中的风味会影响联合的炎症反应标记，吞噬作用,和REDD1在体外检查时。
结论：我们的体外生物测定可用于有效测量电子烟对人巨噬细胞和人支气管上皮细胞的联合炎症反应和细胞毒性的风味和尼古丁诱导的影响，分别。
