Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Urinary schistosomiasis (US), also known as bilharziasis is a waterborne parasitic infection most common in rural areas of developing countries. The infection is associated with haematuria but little or nothing is known about its association with other urinary parameters, induction of Nitric Oxide (NO) and IgE production around the Bamendjing Dam an area highly suspected of Schistosoma haematobium infections. The study sought to address this problem for possible future interventions and control.
METHODS: Urine samples were collected from 301 randomly selected participants and analysed for the presence of S. haematobium using the syringe filtration concentration method. Sera from patients infected with S. haematobium and also from some uninfected individuals were analysed for IgE and NO using ELISA and colorimetric methods respectively.
RESULTS: The results showed a prevalence of 16.9% (51/301). Sixty percent of the 49 patients with nitrite in their urine, were infected with urinary schistosomiasis (US) (30/49; p = 0.00). Meanwhile only 40% of the 15 patients with bilirubinuria were infected with US (6/15; p = 0.0241). The risk of patients with US having leucocytes and nitrites was high (OR of 1.3 and 1.7 respectively). Total IgE serum levels were significantly higher in patients with US (648.872 ± 223.142) compared to uninfected individuals (275.682 ± 181.674) (p = 0.00). Infected persons had heightened mean NO levels (2,583,617.647 ± 1,100,678.786) than non-infected participants (1,689,766.667 ± 1,163,084.729). Urinary Schistosomiasis in association with urinary parameters had a significant impact on mean IgE levels (F = 4.248, p = 0.022). Patients infected with Urinary Schistosomiasis alone had significantly higher mean total IgE levels than non-infected participants (p = 0.004).
CONCLUSIONS: Apart from haematuria, this study has demonstrated that Urinary Schistosomiasis is prevalent among inhabitants around the Bamendjing Dam and results in an increase of other urine parameters such as leucocytes and nitrates and high levels of serum NO and total serum IgE in patients. These parameters are important in the screening of patients for treatment and control of urinary schistosomiasis.
METHODS: Urine samples were collected from 301 randomly selected participants and analysed for the presence of S. haematobium using the syringe filtration concentration method. Sera from patients infected with S. haematobium and also from some uninfected individuals were analysed for IgE and NO using ELISA and colorimetric methods respectively.
RESULTS: The results showed a prevalence of 16.9% (51/301). Sixty percent of the 49 patients with nitrite in their urine, were infected with urinary schistosomiasis (US) (30/49; p = 0.00). Meanwhile only 40% of the 15 patients with bilirubinuria were infected with US (6/15; p = 0.0241). The risk of patients with US having leucocytes and nitrites was high (OR of 1.3 and 1.7 respectively). Total IgE serum levels were significantly higher in patients with US (648.872 ± 223.142) compared to uninfected individuals (275.682 ± 181.674) (p = 0.00). Infected persons had heightened mean NO levels (2,583,617.647 ± 1,100,678.786) than non-infected participants (1,689,766.667 ± 1,163,084.729). Urinary Schistosomiasis in association with urinary parameters had a significant impact on mean IgE levels (F = 4.248, p = 0.022). Patients infected with Urinary Schistosomiasis alone had significantly higher mean total IgE levels than non-infected participants (p = 0.004).
CONCLUSIONS: Apart from haematuria, this study has demonstrated that Urinary Schistosomiasis is prevalent among inhabitants around the Bamendjing Dam and results in an increase of other urine parameters such as leucocytes and nitrates and high levels of serum NO and total serum IgE in patients. These parameters are important in the screening of patients for treatment and control of urinary schistosomiasis.
摘要：
背景：尿路血吸虫病（美国），也称为bilharziasis是一种水传播的寄生虫感染，在发展中国家的农村地区最常见。感染与血尿有关，但对其与其他尿液参数的关联知之甚少。Bamendjing大坝周围的一氧化氮（NO）和IgE产生的诱导，该地区高度怀疑血吸虫感染。该研究试图解决这个问题，以便将来可能进行干预和控制。
方法：从随机选择的301名参与者中收集尿液样本，并使用注射器过滤浓缩方法分析血吸虫的存在。分别使用ELISA和比色法分析了来自感染血吸虫的患者和来自一些未感染个体的血清的IgE和NO。
结果：结果显示患病率为16.9％（51/301）。49名尿液中含有亚硝酸盐的患者中有60%,感染了泌尿血吸虫病（美国）（30/49；p=0.00）。同时，15例胆红素尿症患者中只有40％感染了US（6/15；p=0.0241）。US患者具有白细胞和亚硝酸盐的风险很高（OR分别为1.3和1.7）。与未感染的个体（275.682±181.674）相比，US患者的总血清IgE水平（648.872±223.142）显着更高（p=0.00）。感染者的平均NO水平（2,583,617.647±1,100,678.786）高于未感染参与者（1,689,766.667±1,163,084.729）。与尿参数相关的尿血吸虫病对平均IgE水平有显著影响(F=4.248,p=0.022)。单独感染尿血吸虫病的患者平均总IgE水平明显高于未感染的参与者（p=0.004）。
结论：除血尿外，这项研究表明，尿血吸虫病在Bamendjing水坝周围的居民中普遍存在，并导致患者的其他尿液参数增加，例如白细胞和硝酸盐以及高水平的血清NO和总血清IgE。这些参数在筛选患者以治疗和控制尿血吸虫病中很重要。
方法：从随机选择的301名参与者中收集尿液样本，并使用注射器过滤浓缩方法分析血吸虫的存在。分别使用ELISA和比色法分析了来自感染血吸虫的患者和来自一些未感染个体的血清的IgE和NO。
结果：结果显示患病率为16.9％（51/301）。49名尿液中含有亚硝酸盐的患者中有60%,感染了泌尿血吸虫病（美国）（30/49；p=0.00）。同时，15例胆红素尿症患者中只有40％感染了US（6/15；p=0.0241）。US患者具有白细胞和亚硝酸盐的风险很高（OR分别为1.3和1.7）。与未感染的个体（275.682±181.674）相比，US患者的总血清IgE水平（648.872±223.142）显着更高（p=0.00）。感染者的平均NO水平（2,583,617.647±1,100,678.786）高于未感染参与者（1,689,766.667±1,163,084.729）。与尿参数相关的尿血吸虫病对平均IgE水平有显著影响(F=4.248,p=0.022)。单独感染尿血吸虫病的患者平均总IgE水平明显高于未感染的参与者（p=0.004）。
结论：除血尿外，这项研究表明，尿血吸虫病在Bamendjing水坝周围的居民中普遍存在，并导致患者的其他尿液参数增加，例如白细胞和硝酸盐以及高水平的血清NO和总血清IgE。这些参数在筛选患者以治疗和控制尿血吸虫病中很重要。
