Abstract：
To describe associations of gingival bacterial composition and diversity with self-reported gingival bleeding and oral hygiene habits in a Norwegian regional-based population.
We examined the microbiome composition of the gingival fluid (16S amplicon sequencing) in 484 adult participants (47% females; median age 28 years) in the Respiratory Health in Northern Europe, Spain and Australia (RHINESSA) study in Bergen, Norway. We explored bacterial diversity and abundance differences by the community periodontal index score, self-reported frequency of gingival bleeding, and oral hygiene habits.
Gingival bacterial diversity increased with increasing frequency of self-reported gingival bleeding, with higher Shannon diversity index for \"always\" β = 0.51 and \"often\" β = 0.75 (p < .001) compared to \"never\" gingival bleeding. Frequent gingival bleeding was associated with higher abundance of several bacteria such as Porphyromonas endodontalis, Treponema denticola, and Fretibacterium spp., but lower abundance of bacteria within the gram-positive phyla Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. Flossing and rinsing with mouthwash twice daily were associated with higher total abundance of bacteria in the Proteobacteria phylum but with lower bacterial diversity compared to those who never flossed or never used mouthwash.
A high frequency of self-reported gingival bleeding was associated with higher bacterial diversity than found in participants reporting no gingival bleeding and with higher total abundance of known periodontal pathogens such as Porphyromonas spp., Treponema spp., and Bacteroides spp.
We examined the microbiome composition of the gingival fluid (16S amplicon sequencing) in 484 adult participants (47% females; median age 28 years) in the Respiratory Health in Northern Europe, Spain and Australia (RHINESSA) study in Bergen, Norway. We explored bacterial diversity and abundance differences by the community periodontal index score, self-reported frequency of gingival bleeding, and oral hygiene habits.
Gingival bacterial diversity increased with increasing frequency of self-reported gingival bleeding, with higher Shannon diversity index for \"always\" β = 0.51 and \"often\" β = 0.75 (p < .001) compared to \"never\" gingival bleeding. Frequent gingival bleeding was associated with higher abundance of several bacteria such as Porphyromonas endodontalis, Treponema denticola, and Fretibacterium spp., but lower abundance of bacteria within the gram-positive phyla Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. Flossing and rinsing with mouthwash twice daily were associated with higher total abundance of bacteria in the Proteobacteria phylum but with lower bacterial diversity compared to those who never flossed or never used mouthwash.
A high frequency of self-reported gingival bleeding was associated with higher bacterial diversity than found in participants reporting no gingival bleeding and with higher total abundance of known periodontal pathogens such as Porphyromonas spp., Treponema spp., and Bacteroides spp.
摘要：
描述挪威地区人群中牙龈细菌组成和多样性与自我报告的牙龈出血和口腔卫生习惯的关联。
我们检查了北欧呼吸系统健康组织中484名成年参与者（47％为女性；平均年龄28岁）的龈沟液微生物组组成（16S扩增子测序）。卑尔根的西班牙和澳大利亚（RHINESSA）研究，挪威。我们通过社区牙周指数评分探索细菌多样性和丰度差异，自我报告的牙龈出血频率，和口腔卫生习惯。
牙龈细菌多样性随着自我报告牙龈出血的频率增加而增加，与“从不”牙龈出血相比，“总是”β=0.51和“经常”β=0.75（p<.001）的香农多样性指数更高。频繁的牙龈出血与几种细菌的丰度较高有关，如根管卟啉单胞菌，Denticola密螺旋体,和Fretibacteriumspp.,但是革兰氏阳性门厚壁菌和放线菌中细菌的丰度较低。与从未使用牙线或从未使用漱口水的人相比，每天两次用漱口水漱口和漱口水漱口与变形杆菌门中细菌总丰度较高有关，但细菌多样性较低。
自我报告牙龈出血的频率较高，与未报告牙龈出血的参与者相比，细菌多样性更高，并且已知牙周病原体如卟啉单胞菌的总丰度更高。,密螺旋体属。,和拟杆菌属。
我们检查了北欧呼吸系统健康组织中484名成年参与者（47％为女性；平均年龄28岁）的龈沟液微生物组组成（16S扩增子测序）。卑尔根的西班牙和澳大利亚（RHINESSA）研究，挪威。我们通过社区牙周指数评分探索细菌多样性和丰度差异，自我报告的牙龈出血频率，和口腔卫生习惯。
牙龈细菌多样性随着自我报告牙龈出血的频率增加而增加，与“从不”牙龈出血相比，“总是”β=0.51和“经常”β=0.75（p<.001）的香农多样性指数更高。频繁的牙龈出血与几种细菌的丰度较高有关，如根管卟啉单胞菌，Denticola密螺旋体,和Fretibacteriumspp.,但是革兰氏阳性门厚壁菌和放线菌中细菌的丰度较低。与从未使用牙线或从未使用漱口水的人相比，每天两次用漱口水漱口和漱口水漱口与变形杆菌门中细菌总丰度较高有关，但细菌多样性较低。
自我报告牙龈出血的频率较高，与未报告牙龈出血的参与者相比，细菌多样性更高，并且已知牙周病原体如卟啉单胞菌的总丰度更高。,密螺旋体属。,和拟杆菌属。
